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Brief Response
• Why was the Second New Deal necessary and
how effective was it? Explain.
• Conservatives had used courts to shut down
many New Deal I programs.
• Created jobs that improved public services and
national infrastructure (schools, land reclamation,
electricity, etc)
• Did not end the economic problems enough
• Made Americans feel better, confident.
The New Deal Affects Many Groups;
Culture in the 1930s
p. 504,
510
Today’s goal
• New Deal policies and actions affected various
social and ethnic groups
• Government’s role has been expanding ever
since, especially in the role of equal rights.
• The new Deal saw the expansion of motion
pictures, radio, art, and literature.
• Giant film studios, publishing companies, major
art galleries, and continental radio networks
promoted public appreciation and consumption
of the arts.
Frances Perkins
• the first woman appointed to a cabinet
position, Secretary of Labor, 1933-45.
– Played a major role in starting Social Security
– Supervised labor legislation.
– One of several women FDR appointed to head
government offices.
Mary McLeod Bethune
• Educator who promoted opportunities for young
African Americans
• Appointed by FDR to head the Division of Negro
Affairs of the National Youth Administration.
• Organized the “Black Cabinet” of influential
African Americans who advised FDR on racial
issues.
• One of over a hundred African Americans FDR
appointed to head government offices.
John Collier
• FDR’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs
• Organized the Indian Reorganization Act of
1934.
– Promoted Indian autonomy (self-rule)
• Reservation schools
• Tribes select their own governing councils.
– Return lands to Indian control.
• Prohibited government selling off unclaimed land.
New Deal Coalition
• FDR coordinated diverse groups to support
the Democratic Party:
– Southern Whites
– Urban groups
– African Americans
– Unionized industrial workers
• Effectively made the Democratic Party
dominate in the 1930s and 40s.
Congress of Industrial Organizations
(CIO)
– Formed when the American Federation of
Labor rejected industrial workers.
– Begun by members of the International
Ladies Garment Workers and United Mine
Workers unions.
– Would reunite with the AFL in 1955: The
most powerful union in the US, today.
Grant Wood
• One of a number of artists subsidized by
Federal Art Project funds.
• Noted for his popular work, “American
Gothic”
Richard Wright
• Writer sponsored by the Federal Writer’s
Project.
• Native Son was his noted work about a
young African American man trying to
survive in a racist world.
• Black Boy is also taught in many LAUSD
schools.
The Grapes of Wrath
• Another FWP sponsored writer, John Steinbeck, wrote it.
• epic novel describing the plight of displaced farmers
using one family’s hardships:
• Evicted in Oklahoma, used and abused all the way to
California.
• They had their car and each other…..
• Famed film director, John Ford, adapted it in a very
successful and poignant film
– This mash up features a modern performer singing a
depression era song, “Brother, Can You Spare a Dime” with
clips from various parts of the Ford film.
Orson Welles
• Director, actor, producer of the Mercury Theater.
• Frightened radio listeners by turning H. G. Wells’ War of the Worlds
into a news broadcast.
– Unaware people thought it was a real news broadcast and panicked.
– Entire broadcast http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs0K4ApWl4g
– Welles on British TV, 1950s discussing the effects:
• Also made several of Hollywood’s best films of the time, including
Citizen Kane.
– Used new techniques and his Mercury Theater actors.
• Deep focus, Kane’s childhood
• Yellow Journalist Newsman
• As an old man (cut out JFK quote at end)
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• William Randolph Hearst threatened every studio that Welles approached,
but RKO finally made it (run by millionaire Howard Hughes).
Morality Codes
• Movies and radio became privately controlled
for moral content.
– Leaving family/divorce were considered immoral
– Couples could not be in the same bedroom unless
married and in separate beds.
– Cursing was only allowed in light forms
•
•
•
•
Golly, instead of God!
Darn, instead of damn!
Jee, instead of Jesus!
What in the Sam Hill, instead of What the Hell?
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p. 505, Synthesizing
• It gave President Roosevelt valuable advice on
racial issues.
• Provided African Americans with a voice, for
the first time, at the highest levels of
government.
p. 506, Evaluating
• President Roosevelt was not committed to full
civil rights for African Americans.
• He did not support a federal anti-lynching law
or an end to poll taxes.
• Many African American families benefited
from work relief, but some New Deal
programs discriminated against African
Americans.
p. 507, Identifying Problems
• Farm laborers were essentially unprotected by
state and federal laws.
p. 507, summarizing
• The Indian Reorganization Act turned Native
American lands over to individual tribes
• Allowed children to attend schools on the
reservation
• Allowed tribes to elect councils to govern their
reservations.
p. 508, analyzing effects
• New Deal labor laws gave unions greater
power to organize and negotiate with
employers.
• As a result, unions grew in size and joined with
other groups in the New Deal coalition.
p. 509, 3, Summarizing
•
•
•
•
Women appointed to government positions
More women employed outside the home
Expanding opportunities in the workplace
Women activists and organizers.
p. 509, 4, making generalizations
Labor too powerful
• Strikes interfered with
business.
• Labor disputes often
became violent.
Labor needed those gains
• Industrial workers were
finally allowed to unionize.
• Working conditions
improved by better
agreements.
p. 509, 5, analyzing motives
• New Deal labor and relief programs helped
the urban poor.
• Roosevelt made direct appeals to urban voters
during campaign.
p. 511, Developing Historical
Perspective
• Movies provided realistic portrayals as well as
escapist comedies and romances.
• All of which helped people to cope with
Depression reality.
p. 512, analyzing causes
• New Deal officials believed that art played and
important role in the life of the American
people
• They also believed that artists deserved work
relief just as other unemployed Americans did.
p. 513, interpreting visual sources
• 1
– Wood wanted to portray hardships Midwestern farm
families endured during the Depression.
• 2
– Yes
– The painting does represent the hardships through
the stoic faces and stances of the figures.
– No
– They don’t look like they are suffering, just serious
working people.
– They are only rural workers, not urban workers.
p. 513, summarizing
• The Federal Art Project paid artists to produce
public art.
– It also promoted the teaching of art in schools and
poster and mural painting.
• The Federal Theater Project assisted
producing theater productions.
p. 514, analyzing issues
• Writers depicted the difficulties of the
Depression Era.
– The Dust Bowl
– Working-class life
– Racism
– Hardships in America
p. 514, 3, hypothesizing
• Probably films about social and political issues
or accomplishments
– Mr Smith Goes to Washington
• Also documentaries covering the same topics:
– Dust Bowl
– The Depression…..
p. 514, 4, analyzing effects
• Entertainment, especially movies and radio,
was a lucrative industry during the
Depression.
• New movie theaters had regular patrons
• Nearly 90% of Americans owned radios by
1940.
p. 514, 5, drawing conclusions
• Writers produced literature about the
hardships and daily struggle of the American
people during the Thirties.
• A written and pictorial legacy of the
Depression years.
• Provided writers and artists the opportunity to
create.
• The arts became more accessible to the
public.
p. 522, Main Ideas, 1
• FDR expanded the role of government
through programs designed to restore public
confidence and provide jobs.
p. 522, Main Ideas, 2
• Some said the New Deal gave government too
much power.
• Others argued it did not provide enough aid.
p. 522, Main Ideas, 6
• The Democrats supported labor legislation
and programs that helped urban poor and
minorities.
Gone With the Wind
• One of the most popular Hollywood films, ever.
• One of the first and few in color (very expensive in 1939).
• Also, the first film to pass the censor for the use of the bad
language word “damn”.
• Full of stereotypes by today’s standards.
– Antebellum Southern aristocratic life
– slavery
• Hattie McDaniel was the first African American to win an Academy
Award, but she was criticized by some for playing “Mammy”
– Mammy and Scarlett
– Scarlett is rejected by Ashley, meets Rhett
– Broke Scarlett During Reconstruction
– End (what part of it shocked cinema audiences EC
• Rhett uses the word “damn”….