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Brief Response • Why was the Second New Deal necessary and how effective was it? Explain. • Conservatives had used courts to shut down many New Deal I programs. • Created jobs that improved public services and national infrastructure (schools, land reclamation, electricity, etc) • Did not end the economic problems enough • Made Americans feel better, confident. The New Deal Affects Many Groups; Culture in the 1930s p. 504, 510 Today’s goal • New Deal policies and actions affected various social and ethnic groups • Government’s role has been expanding ever since, especially in the role of equal rights. • The new Deal saw the expansion of motion pictures, radio, art, and literature. • Giant film studios, publishing companies, major art galleries, and continental radio networks promoted public appreciation and consumption of the arts. Frances Perkins • the first woman appointed to a cabinet position, Secretary of Labor, 1933-45. – Played a major role in starting Social Security – Supervised labor legislation. – One of several women FDR appointed to head government offices. Mary McLeod Bethune • Educator who promoted opportunities for young African Americans • Appointed by FDR to head the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration. • Organized the “Black Cabinet” of influential African Americans who advised FDR on racial issues. • One of over a hundred African Americans FDR appointed to head government offices. John Collier • FDR’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs • Organized the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. – Promoted Indian autonomy (self-rule) • Reservation schools • Tribes select their own governing councils. – Return lands to Indian control. • Prohibited government selling off unclaimed land. New Deal Coalition • FDR coordinated diverse groups to support the Democratic Party: – Southern Whites – Urban groups – African Americans – Unionized industrial workers • Effectively made the Democratic Party dominate in the 1930s and 40s. Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) – Formed when the American Federation of Labor rejected industrial workers. – Begun by members of the International Ladies Garment Workers and United Mine Workers unions. – Would reunite with the AFL in 1955: The most powerful union in the US, today. Grant Wood • One of a number of artists subsidized by Federal Art Project funds. • Noted for his popular work, “American Gothic” Richard Wright • Writer sponsored by the Federal Writer’s Project. • Native Son was his noted work about a young African American man trying to survive in a racist world. • Black Boy is also taught in many LAUSD schools. The Grapes of Wrath • Another FWP sponsored writer, John Steinbeck, wrote it. • epic novel describing the plight of displaced farmers using one family’s hardships: • Evicted in Oklahoma, used and abused all the way to California. • They had their car and each other….. • Famed film director, John Ford, adapted it in a very successful and poignant film – This mash up features a modern performer singing a depression era song, “Brother, Can You Spare a Dime” with clips from various parts of the Ford film. Orson Welles • Director, actor, producer of the Mercury Theater. • Frightened radio listeners by turning H. G. Wells’ War of the Worlds into a news broadcast. – Unaware people thought it was a real news broadcast and panicked. – Entire broadcast http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs0K4ApWl4g – Welles on British TV, 1950s discussing the effects: • Also made several of Hollywood’s best films of the time, including Citizen Kane. – Used new techniques and his Mercury Theater actors. • Deep focus, Kane’s childhood • Yellow Journalist Newsman • As an old man (cut out JFK quote at end) h • William Randolph Hearst threatened every studio that Welles approached, but RKO finally made it (run by millionaire Howard Hughes). Morality Codes • Movies and radio became privately controlled for moral content. – Leaving family/divorce were considered immoral – Couples could not be in the same bedroom unless married and in separate beds. – Cursing was only allowed in light forms • • • • Golly, instead of God! Darn, instead of damn! Jee, instead of Jesus! What in the Sam Hill, instead of What the Hell? hwk p. 505, Synthesizing • It gave President Roosevelt valuable advice on racial issues. • Provided African Americans with a voice, for the first time, at the highest levels of government. p. 506, Evaluating • President Roosevelt was not committed to full civil rights for African Americans. • He did not support a federal anti-lynching law or an end to poll taxes. • Many African American families benefited from work relief, but some New Deal programs discriminated against African Americans. p. 507, Identifying Problems • Farm laborers were essentially unprotected by state and federal laws. p. 507, summarizing • The Indian Reorganization Act turned Native American lands over to individual tribes • Allowed children to attend schools on the reservation • Allowed tribes to elect councils to govern their reservations. p. 508, analyzing effects • New Deal labor laws gave unions greater power to organize and negotiate with employers. • As a result, unions grew in size and joined with other groups in the New Deal coalition. p. 509, 3, Summarizing • • • • Women appointed to government positions More women employed outside the home Expanding opportunities in the workplace Women activists and organizers. p. 509, 4, making generalizations Labor too powerful • Strikes interfered with business. • Labor disputes often became violent. Labor needed those gains • Industrial workers were finally allowed to unionize. • Working conditions improved by better agreements. p. 509, 5, analyzing motives • New Deal labor and relief programs helped the urban poor. • Roosevelt made direct appeals to urban voters during campaign. p. 511, Developing Historical Perspective • Movies provided realistic portrayals as well as escapist comedies and romances. • All of which helped people to cope with Depression reality. p. 512, analyzing causes • New Deal officials believed that art played and important role in the life of the American people • They also believed that artists deserved work relief just as other unemployed Americans did. p. 513, interpreting visual sources • 1 – Wood wanted to portray hardships Midwestern farm families endured during the Depression. • 2 – Yes – The painting does represent the hardships through the stoic faces and stances of the figures. – No – They don’t look like they are suffering, just serious working people. – They are only rural workers, not urban workers. p. 513, summarizing • The Federal Art Project paid artists to produce public art. – It also promoted the teaching of art in schools and poster and mural painting. • The Federal Theater Project assisted producing theater productions. p. 514, analyzing issues • Writers depicted the difficulties of the Depression Era. – The Dust Bowl – Working-class life – Racism – Hardships in America p. 514, 3, hypothesizing • Probably films about social and political issues or accomplishments – Mr Smith Goes to Washington • Also documentaries covering the same topics: – Dust Bowl – The Depression….. p. 514, 4, analyzing effects • Entertainment, especially movies and radio, was a lucrative industry during the Depression. • New movie theaters had regular patrons • Nearly 90% of Americans owned radios by 1940. p. 514, 5, drawing conclusions • Writers produced literature about the hardships and daily struggle of the American people during the Thirties. • A written and pictorial legacy of the Depression years. • Provided writers and artists the opportunity to create. • The arts became more accessible to the public. p. 522, Main Ideas, 1 • FDR expanded the role of government through programs designed to restore public confidence and provide jobs. p. 522, Main Ideas, 2 • Some said the New Deal gave government too much power. • Others argued it did not provide enough aid. p. 522, Main Ideas, 6 • The Democrats supported labor legislation and programs that helped urban poor and minorities. Gone With the Wind • One of the most popular Hollywood films, ever. • One of the first and few in color (very expensive in 1939). • Also, the first film to pass the censor for the use of the bad language word “damn”. • Full of stereotypes by today’s standards. – Antebellum Southern aristocratic life – slavery • Hattie McDaniel was the first African American to win an Academy Award, but she was criticized by some for playing “Mammy” – Mammy and Scarlett – Scarlett is rejected by Ashley, meets Rhett – Broke Scarlett During Reconstruction – End (what part of it shocked cinema audiences EC • Rhett uses the word “damn”….