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Bio 3SS3 Version Q 1. A scientist introduces a few thousand unknown bacteria into a large container whose nutrients and conditions may or may not be suitable for growth. She does not expect density dependence to be a factor over the course of the experiment. She should expect the population to show: A. Linear increase B. Either linear increase or decrease C. Exponential increase D. Either exponential increase or decrease E. Linear or exponential increase or decrease 2. What is 103 m ? A. 1000 m B. 1000 m3 C. Complete nonsense D. The answer depends on context Use this information for the next two questions. Some bacteria in a flask have run out of food and gone into a slower state. They are not reproducing, and are dying at a per capita rate of 0.02/ day. 3. What is the basic reproductive number R for this population under these conditions? A. -0.02/day B. -0.02 C. 0 D. 0.02 E. 0.02/day 4. If the bacteria start with a density of 1000/ml, what is their density after 50 days? A. 0 B. 368/ml C. 500/ml D. 693/ml Page 2 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 5. A scientist wants to model a population of small perennial plants (ie., plants that reproduce more than once) with a simple population model (ie., without population structure). He should: 150 100 50 Total number 200 A. Use a conceptual model with a census before reproduction B. Use a conceptual model with a census after reproduction C. Use a conceptual model with one census before reproduction and one census after reproduction D. Not even try to do this 0 Fecundity Mortality 0 20 40 60 80 100 Population size The figure above shows the assumptions made for a discrete-time birth-death model. Use it for the next 3 questions. 6. The figure shows: A. Density dependence in mortality only B. Density dependence in both mortality and fecundity C. An Allee effect in mortality only D. An Allee effect in both mortality and fecundity Page 3 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 7. Which of the four pictures below was generated by the same model as the picture above? 1.5 1.0 Per capita number 1.0 0.0 0.5 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 Population size C D 2.0 Population size 100 1.0 1.5 Fecundity Mortality 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 Per capita number 1.5 Fecundity Mortality 80 0.5 20 2.0 0 Per capita number Fecundity Mortality 0.5 1.5 Fecundity Mortality 0.0 Per capita number 2.0 B 2.0 A 0 20 40 60 Population size 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Population size 8. A population following this model will: A. Increase exponentially without limit B. Decrease exponentially to zero C. Approach an intermediate equilibrium D. Decrease to zero if started near zero, and increase to an intermediate equilibrium otherwise 9. My favorite lake has no trout, but nearby lakes with similar conditions and similar weather do. I introduce a pair of adult trout to my lake in a year when the trout in the nearby lakes are doing well, but my trout fail to establish a population (they go locally extinct in my lake). This is likely due to: A. Allee effects B. Either Allee effects or environmental stochasticity C. Either Allee effects or demographic stochasticity D. Either environmental stochasticity or demographic stochasticity Page 4 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 10. When an adult tree dies and falls in a certain pine forest, the seedlings that were already present and struggling for light in the area beneath it compete to grow tallest and take over the space. Eventually one of the seedlings wins and takes over the spot. This is an example of: 0.5 A. Contest competition that is a likely explanation for population cycles B. Contest competition that is not a likely explanation for population cycles C. Scramble competition that is a likely explanation for population cycles D. Scramble competition that is not a likely explanation for population cycles ● ● 0.4 ● ● 0.3 ● ● 0.2 ● ● 0.0 0.1 Annual survival ● ● 2 4 6 8 10 Age Use the picture above for the following 2 questions. 11. What does this picture of survivorship in an idealized age-structured population indicate about mortality in this population? A. Mortality is constant B. Mortality is elevated in older individuals C. Mortality is elevated in younger individuals D. Mortality is elevated in both older and younger individuals Page 5 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 12. The pictures below show cumulative survival. Which one corresponds to the picture shown above? 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 Age C D 10 8 10 1e−03 1e−05 Cumulative survival 8 1e−01 Age 1e−04 1e−03 1e−02 1e−01 1e+00 2 Cumulative survival 1e−02 1e−04 0.010 0.050 Cumulative survival 0.500 1e+00 B 0.002 Cumulative survival A 2 4 6 8 Age 10 2 4 6 Age 13. A population of pine trees is declining exponentially with reproductive number R = 0.5. The trees live about 100 years on average. If we calculate the finite rate of increase λ using a time step of ∆t = 1 year, we expect that A. λ is 0.5 B. λ is close to 0.5 C. λ is close to 1 D. λ is 1 Use the following information for the next three questions. An ecologist censuses a gopher population before reproduction, and finds the following. Females observed in their first year produce an average of 1 female that will be observed next year, and have a 40% chance of surviving until their second year. Females observed in their second year produce an average of 2 females that will be observed the next year. No femailes survive from their second year to reproduce again. 14. What is the value of `1 in this population? A. 0.2 B. 0.4 C. 0.8 D. 1 E. 1.2 Page 6 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 15. What is the value of f2 in this population? A. 0.4 B. 0.8 C. 1 D. 1.2 E. 2 16. Which of the following is a true statement about this population? A. λ = 1.4 B. R = 1.4 C. λ = 1.8 D. R = 1.8 17. It is hard to estimate the importance of old individuals to population growth in many populations because, in these populations: A. They have high values of both p and f B. They have low values of p and high values of f C. They have high values of both ` and f D. They have low values of ` and high values of f 18. Which of the following is not an example of a tradoff? A. Birds with heavier beaks have higher mortality before reaching maturity B. Bushes which survive better in dry conditions grow more slowly in wet conditions C. Trees grown in full sunlight grow faster and have more resistance to diseases D. Rabbits which need less food to survive produce fewer offspring when food is plentiful 19. We expect dominance to occur when A. Each species does better in an environment dominated by conspecifics than it does in an environment dominated by the other species B. Each species does better in an environment dominated by the other species than it does in an environment dominated by conspecifics C. One species does relatively better in an environment dominated by conspecifics, while the other does relatively better in an environment dominated by the other species D. One species does better than the other in an environment dominated by either species Page 7 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 20. Cole’s paradox suggests that, from a population biology point of view, it is a mystery why some plants: A. Reproduce only once B. Reproduce many times C. Produce a large number of small seeds D. Produce a small number of large seeds 21. Which of the following is not a possible advantage of producing fewer offspring with the same amount of energy? A. Greater ability to help offspring survive B. Greater ability to help offspring disperse C. Greater ability to produce high-quality offspring D. More energy left over to produce offspring in future years 22. Which of the following traits is not typically associated with r strategies? A. Fast life cycle B. Efficient resource use C. Relatively small investment per offspring D. Relatively large investment in dispersal 23. Which of the following arguments for the importance of “bet-hedging” strategies is correct? A. Averaging within generations is better than averaging between generations, because the geometric mean is larger than the arithmetic mean B. Averaging within generations is better than averaging between generations, because the arithmetic mean is larger than the geometric mean C. Averaging between generations is better than averaging within generations, because the geometric mean is larger than the arithmetic mean D. Averaging between generations is better than averaging within generations, because the arithmetic mean is larger than the geometric mean 24. A population meets the assumptions of the balance argument for sexual allocation. If the population has more females than males at birth, this means: A. Total investment of resources in producing females is higher than total investment of resources in producing males B. Total investment of resources in producing males is higher than total investment of resources in producing females C. Per-offspring investment of resources in producing females is higher than peroffspring investment of resources in producing males D. Per-offspring investment of resources in producing males is higher than peroffspring investment of resources in producing females Page 8 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 25. In a certain environment, algal species compete primarily for light in small pools, which may be disturbed. If the disturbance rate is very low, which species would we expect to dominate? A. The species with the highest growth rate at high light (rmax ) B. The species with the lowest rmax C. The species with the highest light level at which it reaches equilibrium D. The species with the lowest light level at which it reaches equilibrium 1 26. The growth rate of species 1 in the presence of species 2 is given by dN = r(N1 + dt α21 N2 )N1 . If species 1 is counted in units of indiv1 , species 2 in units of indiv2 , and time is counted in units of years, then the value of the function r(N1 + α21 N2 ): A. Has units of 1/ year B. Has units of 1/ indiv2 C. Has units of indiv1 / indiv2 D. Has units of indiv1 / year 27. The range where red squirrels live has shrunk dramatically in recent decades. If it is true that this is due only to competition from grey squirrels, we can conclude that due to the introduction of grey squirrels: A. The realized and fundamental niches of red squirrels are smaller than before B. The realized niche of red squirrels is smaller than before, but the fundamental niche is unchanged C. The fundamental niche of red squirrels is smaller than before, but the realized niche is unchanged D. The realized and fundamental niches of red squirrels are unchanged 28. “Neutral” biodiversity may arise because A. The competitive exclusion principle does not apply to similar species B. Species may not exclude each other because of allocation tradeoffs C. Species may not exclude each other because of resource tradeoffs D. The process of neutral extinction may be slow enough to be balanced by the process of speciation Page 9 Version Q 50 100 150 ● ● ● ● ● 0 Species 2 density (indiv/m sq) 200 Bio 3SS3 0 20 40 60 80 Species 1 density (indiv/m sq) Use the picture above for the next 3 questions. These are plots from a simple model of two competing species. 29. The picture shows: A. Dominance by species 1 B. Dominance by species 2 C. Mutual exclusion D. Coexistence 200 100 30. Which of the time plots below matches the middle path from the phase plot above? Species 1 Species 2 150 100 Population density (indiv/m sq) 50 60 40 0 0 20 Population density (indiv/m sq) 80 Species 1 Species 2 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 30 40 30 40 Species 1 Species 2 60 40 0 20 20 40 60 80 Population density (indiv/m sq) 80 100 Species 1 Species 2 0 Population density (indiv/m sq) 20 Time (years) 100 120 Time (years) 0 20 40 Time (years) 60 80 0 10 20 Time (years) Page 10 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 31. If E12 is the competitive effect of species 1 on species 2 (and vice verse), what can you say about the values of E in this system? A. Both E12 and E21 are > 1. B. Both E12 and E21 are < 1. C. E12 but not E21 is > 1. D. E21 but not E12 is > 1. E. There is not enough information to choose one of these answers. 32. Predator satiation refers to the phenomenon that: A. The per capita rate at which prey get eaten goes down as the number of predators goes up B. The per capita rate at which predators eat goes down as the number of predators goes up C. The per capita rate at which prey get eaten goes down as the number of prey goes up D. The per capita rate at which predators eat goes down as the number of prey goes up 33. A population of grouse and a population of foxes are at equilibrium under reciprocal control – ie., the grouse population is primarily controlled by fox predation, and the fox population is primarily controlled by the food supply of grouse. Fox hunting is now introduced to the area, with the idea that this will increase the number of grouse. Based on reciprocal control alone, what effect would you expect to see in long term equilibrium populations? 2.0 2.5 A. The equilibrium number of grouse will increase, but the equilibrium number of foxes will stay about the same B. The equilibrium number of foxes will decrease, but the equilibrium number of grouse will stay about the same C. The equilibrium number of foxes will decrease, and the equilibrium number of grouse will increase D. The equilibrium number of foxes and grouse will both decrease 1.0 Exploiter 1.5 ● 0.0 0.5 ● 0 2 4 6 8 Resource Page 11 Bio 3SS3 Version Q Use the picture above for the next 3 questions. This is a phase plot showing several orbits from a predator-prey system. 34. The figure above shows: A. Unstable oscillations B. Neutral oscillations C. Persistent oscillations D. Damped oscillations 35. This figure is consistent with a simple model that has reciprocal control and: A. No prey density dependence and no predator satiation B. Prey density dependence and no predator satiation C. Predator satiation and no prey density dependence D. Both prey density dependence and predator satiation 36. If we were to add predator density dependence to this model, the qualitative behaviour (type of cycles) would: A. Stay the same B. Change to unstable oscillations C. Change to neutral oscillations D. Change to persistent oscillations E. Change to damped oscillations Page 12 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 37. Resource-exploiter systems have an intrinsic tendency to oscillate because: A. Each species has a direct, positive effect on its own growth rate B. Each species has an indirect, positive effect on its own growth rate C. Each species has a direct, negative effect on its own growth rate D. Each species has an indirect, negative effect on its own growth rate 20 Per capita rate (1/t) 15 birth rate death rate 10 5 0 0 25 50 75 100 Population size (number) Use the figure above for the next three questions. In the questions, N means the population size. 38. What are all the equilibria of this system? A. A stable equilibrium at N = 0 B. An unstable equilibrium at N = 0 and a stable equilibrium at N ≈ 50 C. A stable equilibrium at N = 0 and an unstable equilibrium at N ≈ 50 D. The system does not have an equilibrium E. An unstable equilibrium at N = 0 39. Given that this is a deterministic, discrete-time system, the population will A. Decrease exponentially B. Increase exponentially C. Eventually reach a population size of N ≈ 50, unless it starts at N = 0 D. Eventually reach a population size of N ≈ 50, regardless of where it starts E. Increase in size, regardless of where it starts Page 13 Bio 3SS3 Version Q 40. The absolute death rate of this population A. Is constant B. Increases linearly with population size C. Increases exponentially with population size D. Decreases exponentially with population size E. Not enough information to say c 2010–2015 by Jonathan Dushoff and the 3SS teaching team. May be reproduced and distributed, with this notice, for non-commercial purposes only. Page 14