Download Second Semester Exam Review Sheet Force and

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Second Semester Exam Review Sheet
Force and Motion
potential energy –
stored energy due to an object’s position
kinetic energy –
energy of a moving object
As kinetic energy increases, potential energy _ decreases ________.
Describe how potential and kinetic energy change on a roller coaster ride.
As the roller coaster moves up the highest hill, the potential energy increases. It has the
most potential energy at the top of the highest hill. As the roller coaster moves down the
hill, the potential energy changes to kinetic energy. The coaster has the most kinetic
energy at the bottom of the highest hill. The energy will change between potential and
kinetic throughout the rest of the ride.
Look at the swinging pendulum.
Which position shows the greatest potential energy?
1 and 3
Which position shows the greatest kinetic energy?
2
motion –
A change in an object’s position, direction, or location
force –
a push or pull that can change the motion of an object
net force –
the total amount of force that is acting on an object
balanced force –
occurs when the forces acting on an object are equal. NO MOVEMENT OCCURS
unbalanced force –
A force that changes an object’s motion, direction or speed
Is this illustrating balanced or unbalanced forces?
Balanced
How did you know?
The forces are equal, there is not movement
What is the net force?
0N
Is this illustrating balanced or unbalanced forces? Balanced
What is the net force?
0N
Will there be movement? No
If so, which way?
Is this illustrating balanced or unbalanced forces? Unbalanced
What is the net force? 3 N
Will there be movement? Yes
If so, which way? Right
Is this illustrating balanced or unbalanced forces?
Unbalanced
What is the net force? 12 N
Will there be movement? Yes
If so, which way? Left
speed –
The measurement of the rate of change of position with respect to time
average speed –
The overall speed at which an object moves
What is the formula for speed?
S = D/T
Draw the speed triangle.
What is the speed of a plane that flies 5,500 km in 50 minutes?
D=5500 km
S = 110 km/min
T=50 min
What is the speed of a student who walks 1 kilometers in 10 minutes?
D= 1km
S= .1 km/min
T=10 min
If you travel north at 75 kilometers per hour, how far will you have gone in 4
hours?
S= 75kmph
75 X 4 = 300 km
T= 4 hrs
If you travel west at 90 miles per hour, how long will it take you to travel 360
miles?
D=360 miles
360/90 = 4 hours
S=90 mph
Draw a graph to illustrate each of the following:
Speed
an object traveling at a constant speed
an object traveling at a fast rate
an object traveling at a slow rate
an object at rest (not moving)
Time
The above graph shows the motion of an object.
Describe the motion of the object from A to B.
Constant speed
Describe the motion of the object from B to C.
At Rest (Stopped)
Describe the motion of the object from C to D.
Constant Speed
Without calculating the speed, is the object moving faster from A to B,
B to C, or C to D?
A to B
How did you know?
The line is more steep
Calculate the speed of the object from.......
A to B
D = 6 km
T = 15 min
S = 6/15
S = .4 km/min
B to C
The object is at rest
D = 0 km
T = 20 min
S = 0/20
S = 0 km/min
C to D
D = 2 km
T = 10 min
S = 2/10
S = .2 km/min
What is the total time shown on the graph?
45 minutes
What is the total distance the object moved?
8 km
What is the average speed of the object?
D = 8 km
T = 45 min
S = 8/45
S = .17 km/min
simple machine –
A device with few or no moving parts that help you do work
What is the advantage of a simple machine?
It reduces the amount of work that is needed to accomplish a task
inclined plane –
A flat, sloped surface
Give an example of an inclined plane.
Ramp
pulley –
A grooved wheel with a rope around it
Give an example of a pulley.
Used in flagpoles, elevators, sailboats
Life Science Test Review Sheet
abiotic –
a nonliving factor in an ecosystem. It cannot have ever been made of cells
examples include:
water, dirt/soil, temperature, air, sunlight, rocks
biotic –
all of the living or once-living factors in an ecosystem
must be made of cells
examples include:
trees, bacteria, animals, insects, grasses
organism –
an individual living thing that is made up of cells that are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
population –
All of the individuals of one species that can mate to produce fertile offspring.
community –
All of the populations in an ecosystem
ecosystem –
All of the biotic and abiotic factors that interact in an environment
What is the basic unit of structure and function of living things?
CELLS
unicellular –
an organism that is made up of only one cell. This organism can be prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
multicellular –
an organism that is made up of more than one cell. This organism can only be made of
eukaryotic cells.
organelle –
small pieces inside a cell that help it to function. Membrane-bound organelles are ONLY
found in Eukaryotes.
nucleus –
membrane-bound organelle that contains the
DNA in Eukaryotic cells
DNA –
Genetic material that tells a cell what to do
ProkaryoticA cell that has no nucleus; these cells can only be unicellular organisms
EukaryoticA cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles; these cells make up
multicellular organisms
Draw a Venn Diagram to compare the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.
autotroph –
an organism that can create its own food in its cells
heterotroph –
an organism that has to eat other things to get its food
asexual reproduction –
the reproductive process that involves only one “parent”
sexual reproduction –
the reproductive process that involves two “parent” organisms
classification –
the process of grouping things based on their similarities
taxonomy –
the scientific study of how living things are classified
Why do scientists classify organisms?
So we can understand their similarities and differences
Scientists classify organisms according to:
Types of cells (prokaryotic/eukaryotic), ability to make food (autotrophic/heterotrophic),
number of cells in their bodies (unicellular/multicellular), and how they reproduce
(sexual, asexual).
What is the largest taxonomic grouping for organisms?
Domains
How many are there?
3
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Unicellular
Unicellular or
Multicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Autotrophic
Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic
Asexual
Asexual
Asexual
or Sexual
Heterotrophic
Asexual or
Sexual
Autotrophic
Asexual or
Sexual
Heterotrophic
Sexual
Minerals, Rocks and Layers of the Earth
Draw and label the layers of the Earth.
Which compositional layer of the Earth....
contains rocks, soil, water and mountains?
Crust
is molten?
Mantle
is a dense ball of metal?
Core
Which physical layer of the Earth…
can bend and flow slowly?
Asthenosphere
is rigid and made of the crust and upper part of the mantle?
Lithosphere
As you travel to the center of the Earth, the temperature and pressure
__ Increase ______________.
luster –
How an object reflects light
streak –
The powdery substance that is left behind when a mineral is scraped along a streak plate
hardness –
Measured on the Moh’s hardness scale. How hard or soft a mineral is.
igneous rock –
a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface of the
Earth.
What processes forms this rock?
Melting and cooling
sedimentary rock –
a type of rock that forms from the deposition of sediment over long periods of time
What processes forms this rock?
Weathering and erosion
metamorphic rock –
a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or
chemical reactions
What processes forms this rock?
Heat and pressure
rock cycle –
a diagram that shows the different ways that rocks can change into other types of rocks
Draw and label the rock cycle.
Plate Tectonics
continental drift –
Theory developed by Alfred Wegner to explain the movement of the continents
sea-floor spreading –
The process by which new sea floor is formed. Supports the theory of plate tectonics.
subduction –
an area where a denser, oceanic tectonic plate dives under the less dense, continental
tectonic plate
ocean basin –
a low area under the ocean that forms BETWEEN a ridge and a trench
trench –
forms when one plate is pushed under another plate
rift valley –
Occurs at a divergent boundary when two continental plates move away from each other
mid-ocean ridge –
Occurs at a divergent boundary when two oceanic plates move away from each other
Where do most earthquakes and volcanoes occur?
Along plate boundaries
What causes the plates to move?
Convection in the Mantle
State the Theory of Plate Tectonics.
Earth’s crust is broken into large, slowly moving pieces
convergent boundary –
a type of boundary where two plates collide with one another
What forms along these types of boundaries?
Fold mountains
divergent boundary –
a type of boundary where two plates move away from one another
What forms along these types of boundaries?
Mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys
transform boundary –
a type of boundary where two plates slide past one another
What occurs/forms along these types of boundaries?
Earthquakes, fault lines
Draw and label the major tectonic plates.
Solar System
solar system –
a group of planets that orbit a star (sun)
List the planets in correct order from the sun.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
(My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos)
Name the inner planets.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
What are the characteristics of the inner planets?
Solid, rocky, terrestrial, smaller, closer together, warmer
Name the outer planets.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
What are the characteristics of the outer planets?
Made of gas, very large, very far apart, colder, high amounts of gravity
satellite –
Any natural or man-made object that orbits another object in space
Galilean moon –
The four largest moons that orbit Jupiter. They are named after Galileo, who was the first
person to view them
comet –
an object that travels through space in an elliptical orbit around the sun and is made of
gas, dust, and ice
asteroid –
large chunks of rock that are found in the asteroid belt
Where is the asteroid belt located?
Between Mars and Jupiter
meteor –
a solid, rocky object that is traveling through earth’s atmosphere. It is a meteoroid in
space, and it is a meteorite when it strikes earth’s surface.
gravity –
a pulling force that keeps objects in the solar system in orbit around the sun
Why isn’t the Sun classified as a planet?
It produces energy by nuclear fusion
How are each of these used to learn about space and the objects in it?
telescope –
used to take pictures of distant objects
satellite –
used to orbit a planet and collect data about the planet
space probe –
travels out into space to collect data on distant planets.
space shuttle –
transport astronauts, equipment, and satellites to and from space
What is each of the following famous for?
Galileo Galilei –
Created the first telescope; discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter
Robert Goddard –
Invented the first multi-stage rocket; considered to be the father of modern rocketry
Yuri Gagarian –
First human in space
Neil Armstrong –
First human to walk on the moon
Use the following events to make a time line of space exploration.
Construction of the International Space Station 5
Launch the First Satellite to Orbit the Earth 2
First Man to Land on the Moon 4
Invention of the Telescope 1
The First Man to Orbit the Earth 3
The Hubble Space Telescope, Voyager, and Sputnik are all examples of unmanned
objects in space