Download DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD

DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD
POWER POINT PRESENTATIN
BY HEERA KUMAR PGT BIOLOGY
LIVING ORGANISMS
WHY DO WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS ?
ANS. WE CLASSIFY LIVING ORGANISMS FOR
THEIR CONVENIENT STUDY
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
THERE ARE DIFFERENT BASIS OF CLASSIFYING LIVING
ORGANISMS
 ON THE BASES OF THEIR HABITAT
 EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC
 UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR
 PHOTOSYNTHETIC AND NON PHOTOSYNTHETIC
 ON THE BASIS OF FEEDING HABIT

ON THE BASIS OF BODY STRUCTURE ETC.
CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS IS RELATED TO
EVOLUTION
EVOLUTION : THE FAMOUS DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION
GIVEN BY CHARLES DARVIN IS
“ DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION “
THAT IS GRADUAL CHANGES FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
IN LIVING ORGANISMS
THE HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION GROUPS
GROUPING ORGANISMS IN DIFFERENT CATEGORIES AND SUB
CATOGARIES . EACH STEP IS CALLED TAXON . AERRANGING
TAXONS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR SIZE IS CALLED HIERARCHY.
THESE ARE
KINGDOM
PHYLUM (ANIMALS) / DIVISONS(PLANTS)
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
SO THE LOWERMOST OR THE BASIC UNIT OF CLASSIFICATION IS
SPECIES.
WHITTAKER’S FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
IN THE PROCESS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
ROBERT WHITTAKER PROPOSED ORGANISMS BE CLASSIFED INTO
FIVE MAJOR GROUPS KNOWN AS FIVE KINGDOM
1.
MONERA : ALL PROKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS .
EXAMPLE – BACTERIA
2.
PROTISTA : ALL EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS .
EXAMPLE – AMOEBA , PARAMOECIUM
3.
FUNGI : UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR NONGREEN PLANTS
. EXAMPLE – YEASTS , AGARICUS PENICILLIUM ETC.
4.
PLANTAE : ALL GREEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC PLANTS .
5.
ANIMALIA : ALL MULTICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC WITHOUT
CELLWALL AND HETEROTROPHS
SUB DIVISIONS OF PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA
PLANTAE: FIVE DIVISIONS
THALLOPHYTA
BRYOPHYTA
PTERIDOPHYTA
GYMNOSPERMS AND
ANGIOSPERM
THALLOPHYTA
PLANTS WITHOUT LEAF , ROOT AND STEM . BODY HAS
SIMPLE THALLUS . THE PLANTS IN THIS GROUP ARE
COMMONLY CALLED ALGAE .EXAMPLES –SPIROGYEA,
ULOTHRIX, CLADOPHORA ETC.
BRYOPHYTA
THESE ARE CALLED AMPHIBIANS OF PLANT KINGDOM
BECAUSE THEY INHABIT BOTH LAND AND WATER TO
COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE.
THE PLANT BODY IS COMMONLY DIFFERENTIATED TO
FOR STEM AND LEAF LIKE STRUCTURES BUT THERE IS
NO SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR THE CONDUCTION OF
WATER AND OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF
PLANT BODY TO ANOTHER .
EXAMPLE – FUNARIA , MARCHANTIA.
PTERIDOPHYTA
THE PLANT BODY IS DIFFERENTIATED INTO ROOTS ,
STEM AND LEAVES AND HAS SPECIALISED TISSUE FOR
THE CONDUCTION OF WATER AND OTHER
SUBSTANCES FROM ONE PART OF PLANT BODY TO
ANOTHER .
EXAMPLE –MARSILEA , FERNS ,HORSE TAILS .
THALLOPHYTES , BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES
HAVE NAKED EMBRYOS THAT ARE CALLED CALLED
SPORES . THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF ALL THESE
GROUPS ARE VERY INCONSPICUOUS OR HIDDEN
THEIRFOR CALLED CRYPTOGAMAE
THE PLANTS WITH WELL DIFFERENTIATED REPRODUCTIVE
TISSUES THAT ULTIMATELY MAKE SEEDS ARE CALLED
PHANEROGAMS
PHANEROGAMS CONSISTS OF TWO GROUPS
GYMNOSPERMS AND
ANGIOSPERMS
GYMNOSPERMS
WORD GYMNOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK WORDS
GYMNO – MEANS NAKED
SPERMA – MEANS SEED
THAT IS PLANTS BEARING NAKED SEEDS
THE PLANTS ARE USUALLY PERRINIAL, EVERGREEN AND
WOODY .
EXAMPLES – PINES LIKE CYCAS , PINUS
ANGIOSPERMS
THE WORD ANGIOSPERM IS MADE FROM TWO GREEK
WORDS
ANGIO – MEANS COVERED
SPERMA – MEANS SEED
THE SEEDS DEVELOP INSIDE AN ORGAN WHICH
ULTIMATELY CHANGES INTO FRUIT .
ANGIOSOERMS ARE ALSO CALLED FLOWERING PLANTS
THE STRUCTURE INSIDE SEED IS CALLED COTYLEDON
OR SEED LEAF
ANGIOSPERMS ARE DIVIDED IN TWO GROUPS ON THE
BASIS OF NUMBER OF COTYLEDONS
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS OR MONOCOTS : PLANTS
WITH SEEDS HAVING SINGLE COTYLEDON
DICOTYLEDONOUS OR DICOTS : PLANTS WITH SEED
HAVING TWO COTYLEDONS .
SUMMARY
PLANTS
WITHOUT DIFFERENTIATED
PLANT BODY
HAVE DIFFERENTIATED
PLANT BODY
THALLOPHYTA
WITHOUT SPECIALISED
WITH VASCULAR TISSUE
PRODUCE SEEDS - PHANEROGAMS
DONOT PRODUCE SEEDS
BEAR NAKED SEEDS
BEAR SEEDS INSIDE FRUITS
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
DICOT
MONOCOT
ANABENA
BACTERIA
AMOEBA
PARAMOECIUM
EUGLENA
fungi
algae
pinus
cysas
Cone of pinus
Cone of cycas
Stem of cycas