Download 2D Modeling and Ecological Functions

2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Ecological Analysis of Structure and Function
Goals of Ecological Analysis
1. Evaluate biological structures, functions, and interactions
at three scales (individual, population, and community)
2. Characterize abiotic-biotic linkages relevant to each scale
Ecological indicator- a metric used to diagnose the status of a
system.
-Can be a biological, chemical, or physical metric
Ecological functions- the ways in which organisms interact
with each other and the environment around them.
p. 4-1
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
2D Modeling and Ecological Functions
What discharge accesses streamwood in a mountain river?
p. 4-2
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Physical Habitat
• Location with measurable, characteristic attributes where
organisms perform a designated ecological function.
• Attributes stem from interaction among hydrology,
hydraulics, and geomorphology
• Depth, velocity, substrate, temperature, cover are the most
common attributes used.
• Microhabitat- point-scale locations
• Mesohabitat- patches at the 0.1-10 channel-width scale
p. 4-3
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
What Physical Habitats Do You See Here?
p. 4-4
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Physical Habitat Performance Indicators
• [Species X lifestage #] use most, but not all, of their
suitable microhabitat.
• Sufficient quality, number, size and distribution of
mesohabitats, and migration corridors between
mesohabitats, exist for [Species X lifestage #] to achieve
designated ecological functions.
• Sufficient maintenance of watershed processes and
regulatory management practices to create and maintain
suitable physical habitat for all freshwater lifestages of
relevant species.
p. 4-5
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Steps to Characterize Physical Habitat
1. Make biological observations
2. Determine/quantify habitat suitability needs
3. Map habitat using 2D model results
4. Bioverify results
5. Analyze habitat statistics and spatial structure
p. 4-6
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Biological Observations
• Sampling or census approach
• Measure submeter geographic locations
• Measure attributes at locations
Yellow dots are
observations
p. 4-7
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Habitat Suitability Curve (HSC)
• Graphical representation of suitability of physical condition
• Simple HSC: scale statistical distribution to 0-1 range
p. 4-8
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Hydraulic Habitat Suitability Index (HHSI)
depth field
velocity field
Habitat Quality Class
Best Quality
Good Quality
Low Quality
Very Poor Quality
Non Habitat
HHSI field
p. 4-9
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Example HHSI Maps For Different Flows
p. 4-10
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Bioverification Concept
• “Bioverification” is a test of the combined
predictions that results from coupling 2D model
results with HSCs.
• A bioverified model yields reasonable predictions
of habitat availability, which may then be used in
spatial and statistical analyses, such as
assessment of habitat areas as a function of
discharge.
• Bioverification is achieved with a test of the
Electivity Index.
p. 4-11
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Electivity Index (EI) Definition
Utilization-to-Available Ratio by habitat quality class
%U i  100 
% Ai  100 
#reddsi
total #redds
bed areai
total  area
Example
EI 
EI > 1 indicates preference
of habitat class I
EI< 1 indicates tolerance of
habitat class i
EI = 0 indicates no habitat
of habitat class i
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
%U i
% Ai
Habitat
blue
green
yellow
red
white
# Stars % stars % area EI
18
72
35 2.06
4
16
15 1.07
2
8
20 0.40
1
4
15 0.27
0
0
15 0.00
p. 4-12
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Bioverification Performance Indicator 1
• A pairing of a 2D model with HSCs must yield one or more
habitat classes with EI>1 and one or more with EI<1. This
indicates that it is predicting both preference and tolerance.
• Must take a risk to have specificity!
Trivial Prediction!
Risky Prediction!
p. 4-13
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Bioverification Performance Indicator 2
• Habitat classes with EI>1 must be those with high habitat
index values and habitat classes with EI<1 must be those
with low habitat index values.
Violates HSC
Consistent with HSC
p. 4-14
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Example of Bioverification
LYR Chinook salmon spawning
830 cfs
island
High
flow
Medium
Low
= redd
Very Poor
Non-habitat
p. 4-15
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Bioverification Tests
Yuba 2004
60
• 2 bins with EI>1
• 3 bins with EI<1
Redds
Habitat
50
% Occurrence
preferred
40
tolerated
avoided
preferred
30
tolerated
avoided
tolerated avoided
20
10
• Lowest bins have
lowest EIs
• Highest bins have
highest EIs
0
0
0-0.2
0.2-0.4 0.4-0.6 0.6-1.0
Habitat Quality
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
p. 4-16
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Weighted Usable Area (WUA) Curve
•
•
•
•
At cell i: WUAi = HSIi x Pixel Area
WUA = ∑ WUAi
Calculate WUA for each discharge (Q)
Plot WUA vs Q
p. 4-17
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
% of area
Habitat Quality Bins By Discharge
HHSI Bins
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
p. 4-18
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
EI Use For Any Polygonal Object
• Microhabitat analysis uses habitat quality bins.
• Can also use EI to test biological occurrence in
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Segment-scale inundation zones
Reaches
Morphological units (overall and by MU size)
Mesohabitat patch size
Scour/deposition patches
Distance bands
Longitudinal rectangles (from box-counting method)
p. 4-19
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Morphological Unit EI Analysis
p. 4-20
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Chinook Spawning Preference For MU Size
(100’x650’)
(100’x250’)
(100’x450’)
(100’x100’)
Strongest Pref
Small RTs
Medium Riffles
Large Runs
p. 4-21
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Mesohabitat Patch Size Preference
(100’x500’)
Chinook spawning
(320’x500’)
p. 4-22
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Nonrandom Longitudinal Distribution
Redd occurrence is
skewed upstream
p. 4-23
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Do redds repeatedly prefer and avoid the
same 400’ sections from year to year?
% of 2009-2010 redds at location xi
7
6
y = 0.9389x + 0.0222
R² = 0.83613
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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2
3
4
% of 2010-2011 redds at location xi
5
6
p. 4-24
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Physical Habitat Prediction
for River Rehabilitation
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Do high or low
relief riffle-pool
units yield
more spawning
and rearing
habitat?
p. 4-25
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
2D Model Predictions of Habitat Quality
p. 4-26
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Areas of Habitat Quality Bins Compared
p. 4-27
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Gravel Addition Efficiency Metrics
p. 4-28
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
Summary of Design Performance Metrics
Low-relief riffle-pool units work best
p. 4-29
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
BIOENERGETICS MODEL:
Consumption = Growth + Respiration + Egestion + Excretion
Field Measurements
Function of Temperature
Determined from laboratory
studies
• Isolates consumption on
growth…
From Nick Bouwes & Eric Wall
Foraging Model from Hayes et al. (2000)
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
NET RATE OF ENEGY INTAKE – Bioenergetics
• 2D Hydraulic
Model
• Foraging
Model (Hayes)
• Drift Model
• Bioenergetics
Model
• Combine to
look at NREI
From Nick Bouwes & Eric Wall
2D PHYSICAL HABITAT ANALYSIS
NET RATE OF ENEGY INTAKE – Bioenergetics
What happens
when you change
physical habitat?
From Nick Bouwes & Eric Wall
©2012 Pasternack & Wheaton
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