Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Organic Chemistry The chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon atom can make four covalent bonds with other atoms to form long chain of carbons atoms, branched or non branched, cyclic or non cyclic compound, saturated or nonsaturated chain. Hydrocarbon Aromatic Monoring Benzene Aliphatic Polyring Naphthalene Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes CH3CH3 CH2CH2 CHCH CnH2n+2 Ethane CnH2n Ethene CnH2n-2 Ethyne Alkanes : Physical properties:1- The first four n-alkanes are gases but as result of a rising the boiling point and melting point with increasing the chain length ,the next 13 compounds (5C -17C) are liquids and those containing 18 carbon or more are solids. 2-The boiling point increased with increasing the molecular weight due to increasing the Van derwaals forces between molecules . These forces decreased with increasing the branching of the molecules, so the boiling point of branching alkanes are lower than straight alkanes that have the same number of carbon atoms. 3-The density of alkanes increased with increasing the molecular weight but lower than the water. 4- Alkanes are nor polar compounds and the bonds between carbon and hydrogen is covalent so it doesn't dissolve in the water. Chemical properties:1-They have little activity due to the saturated bond and they are nonpolar molecules. 2- Halogenations:CH4 + cl2 light, peroxide CH3cl + Hcl 3- Oxidation: CH3CH2CH3 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O + energy 1 Alkenes : Physical properties: - The same as in alkanes but they have unsaturated bond and they are nonpolar compounds so they don’t dissolve in the water. Chemical properties:a- Addition of hydrogen halides HX: CH3CH=CH2 +Hcl 1) CH3CHclCH3 (no peroxide) 2) CH3CH2CH2cl (with peroxide) 1) Markovnikov addition produces 2-chloropropane 2) Anti Markovnikov addition produce 1- chloropropane b- Hydroxylation: H2O2 in formic acid CH3CH=CH2 CH3—CH—CH2 Propylene OH OH Propylene glycol c- Ozonolysis: - O CH3CH2CH=CH2 + O3 O ║ CH3CH2C-H H2O, Zn CH3CH2-CH CH2 O O Ozonide O ║ H-C-H + Propanaldehyde Formaldehyde Alkynes : Physical properties: - As in Alkenes. Chemical properties:1Addition of water : O ║ HC≡CH + H2O H2SO4 CH2 =CHOH Acetylene HgSO4 Vinyl alcohol (Unstable) CH3C-H Acetaldehyde 2- Addition of acetylene to acetylene:- HC≡CH + HC≡CH Cu2cl2 H2O, HCl, NH4Cl CH2=CH-C≡CH Vinyl acetylene Vinyl acetylene used as intermediate matter to produce chloroprene and after polymerization it produces Neoprene. Benzene:1- Present in amino acid like Tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan. 2- Used as a solvent for many compounds. 3- Used in soap and drug industries (Salicylic and used in Aspirin). 2 4- Don’t dissolve in water but dissolve in organic solvent. 5- Toxic for human body? Because it caused R.B.C and W.B.C deficiency and cancer. Alcohols : There are H │ R –C—H │ OH three types R │ R—C –H │ OH Primary 10 R │ R—C –R │ OH secondary 20 Tertiary 30 Physical properties:1- hydrogen bonds : Ethane and ethanol have the same molecular weight (30 to 32) but Ethane boiled at -88.6 C0 while ethanol boiled at 54.5C0 .why? Because the alcohol need large energies than ethane to separated the molecules and there is a hydrogen bond between the alcohol molecules. 2- Solubility:Alcohols dissolve in water due to the hydrogen bond. Chemical properties:1- React with metals to produce Alkoxides R-OH + Na R-ONa + 1/2H2 2- Lucas test :( Zncl2 /Hcl). This test used to distinguish between alcohols according to rate of reaction 30> 20> 10> methanol Tertiary alcohol reacts directly with Lucas reagent. 3- Oxidation by cold KMnO4 KMnO4/ H2O 1 0 Aldehyde KMnO4/ H2O 20 Ketone. KMnO4/ H2O 3 0 N.R. Aldehyde : Physical properties: - The boiling point is more than alkanes which has the same molecular weight due to having polar carbonyl group and they dissolve in the water extremely. 3 Chemical properties:1- Oxidation : oxidation to carboxylic acid without losing carbon atoms O ║ R-CH2-C-H O ║ RCH2C-OH [O] Carboxylic acid 2- Tollens test :This reagent contain silver ammonium ion Ag (NH3)2 and produce free silver in the form of mirror. This test used to distignish between aldhydes and ketones. RCHO + RCOO- + Ag Ag(NH3)2 Colorless solution Ketone + Ag(NH3)2 3- Reduction: O ║ R-C-H silver mirror N.R(no mirror) Reduced to primary alcohol. + H2 Ni Pressure, heat RCH2OH 10 Ketones:Physical properties: As in aldehyde Chemical properties:1- Iodoform test:O O ║ ║ R-C-CH3 +3I2 +3NaOH R- C-OH + CHI3+ 3NaI + H2O The color of iodine disappears and the yellow color appeared. 2- Oxidation O O ║ Strong oxidizing Agent ║ R-C-R R-C-OH (carboxylic acid) 3- Reduction: O OH ║ │ Ni R-C-R + H2 R-CH-R (secondary alcohol) Pressure heat 4- Clemensen reduction: O ║ Zn/HCl R-C-R R-CH2-R (alkane) 4