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Erich Remarque World War I Kaiser Wilhelm II Erich Maria Remarque 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970 Working-class family in the German city of Osnabruck Started writing at 16 Drafted at 18 Married 3 times (twice to the same person) Died in Locarno, Switzerland More In-depth Born Erich Paul Remarque – switched to mother’s middle name later to honor her Only son among 3 Poor family – moved at least 11 times Wanted to become an elementary school teacher In 1938, stripped of his German citizenship, while living in Switzerland His youngest sister was killed because of the book and Remarque was “far beyond the Nazi’s reach.” In 1939 moved to U.S. – became citizen in 1947 Most Famous Work Im Westen nichts Neues 1929 War novel, historical fiction, novel of social protest Original language: German Settings: Late in World War I: 1917–1918, German-French front Themes: The horror of war; the effect of war on the soldier; nationalism and political power Translated into 25 languages and sold over 30 million copies Few Other Novels Die Traumbude (The Dream Room), - first novel: written in hospital – published in 1920 Der Weg zurück (1931; The Road Back). – also a war novel Drei Kameraden (1937; Three Comrades) – life in postwar Germany + love story Floatsam (1940)– first novel published in America Arc de Triomphe (1946) – story of a German refugee Sides Allied Powers: France British Empire Russia Italy United States Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Causes Alliances Militarism Nationalism Colonialism - power struggles: greed Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria • Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne, was shot to death along with his wife. •They were assassinated in Sarajevo by a member of the Bosnian Serb assassins, Gavrilo Princip. •Motive of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary’s SouthSlav provinces and make them a part of Greater Serbia or Yugoslavia. •Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum against Serbia, which was partially rejected. •Austria-Hungary declared war, marking the outbreak of World War I. Basic Facts Began on July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918. The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 by Germany and the Allied Powers at the Paris Peace Treaty. The Ottoman Empire was destroyed by the end of the war. The Germans sank an unarmed ship named the Lusitania, causing the U.S. to be upset. The U.S. joined the Allies side on April 6, 1917. WWI was not coined as such until WWII began. During the war it was simply called the Great War. The League of Nations was formed after World War I was over. The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference which officially ended WWI. Statistics of World War I Total number of men mobilized – 65 million Percentage of mobilized men who died – 57% Total number of casualties – 37 million Number of missing POWs – 7.7 million Number of wounded soldiers – 19.7 million Number of years fighting took place – 4 years Number of civilian casualties – 8,865,650 Total cost of the war – $186.3 billion Advancements: Trench Warfare Form of land warfare (long narrow ditches below ground level) to protect troops from the enemy’s small fire arms and artillery Used on Western Front during WWI Both sides used trench warfare Area between opposing trench lines was know as “no mans land” Advancements: Tanks The first tank, the British Mark I, was designed in 1915 and first saw combat at the Somme in September 1916. Powered by a small internal combustion engine burning diesel or gas, a heavilyarmored vehicle could advance even in the face of overwhelming small arms fire. Developed in response to the stalemate that trench warfare created on the western front (armed frontier between lands controlled by Germany to the east and the Allies to the West). Also called “land ships.” Advancements: Chemical Warfare Chemical weapons in World War I were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders. The types of weapons used ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas and the severe mustard gas, to lethal agents like phosgene and chlorine. Poison gas was also used against enemy soldiers on the trenches even when no attack was going on. In response to such deadly chemical warfare developments, gas masks were created to protect soldiers from the chemicals. Advancements: Machine Guns Machine guns were first produced during WWI. They were widely used during the war by all sides. Machine guns had the firepower of approximately 80 rifles. Invented by Hiram Maxim. Very powerful, but heavy. Advancements: Zeppelins A zeppelin is a type of rigid airship pioneered by the German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin in the early 20th century. Hydrogen gas was used to provide lift, and small engines propelled the airship through the sky. It was equipped with five machineguns and could carry 2,000 kg of bombs. During the early stages of the war, zeppelins were used for bombing raids. Advancements: Planes WWI was the first war in which aircrafts and planes were used. Planes were mostly used to drop bombs from above. The most common planes included fighters, bombers, and ground-attack aeroplanes. The first recorded powered flight was in 1903 when the Wright brothers flew their aircraft. Advancements: Undersea Warfare The Germans and British were the first to use undersea warfare. During WWI, submarines (Uboats) were used to attack enemy merchant ships and warships. Torpedoes, self-propelled weapons with an explosive head which are used for water battles, exploded when in close proximity with the target. Political Leaders: Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II Political Leaders: United States Woodrow Wilson Political Leaders: France Raymond Poincare Political Leaders: Great Britain Prime Minister Herbert Asquith Political Leaders: Russia Czar Nicholas II Political Leaders: Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed V Political Leaders: Austria-Hungary Emperor Franz Josef Kaiser Wilhelm II Last German Emperor Born on January 27, 1859 in Berlin First grandchild of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert First son of the Crown Prince of Prussia Related to many royal figures, including his cousins Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and King George V of Britain His left arm is withered due to Erb’s palsy Studied at the University of Bonn His father took the throne to Germany after Emperor Wilhelm I died Continued His father died of throat cancer and on June 15 of 1888, Wilhelm II took the throne He was forced to give up the crown on November 9, 1918 In 1922, he published his volume of memoirs He was first married to Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein, then Hermine Reuss of Greiz He distrusted Adolf Hitler He died of a pulmonary embolus in Doorn, Netherlands on June 3, 1941 at age 82 Place of Death Huis Doorn in Netherlands where Kaiser Wilhelm II died. Kaiser Wilhelm II and his first wife, Augusta Victoria. Kaiser Wilhelm II and his second wife, Hermine, with her daughter Princess Henriette. Kaiser Wilhelm II as a kid with his father, Fredrick III, in 1862. The End