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Things to Know for the Test – Cells, Cell Transport, and Cell Respiration 1. What type of solution would cause a cell to swell or increase in size? hypotonic 2. what are the cleanup crews of the cell? Contain powerful digestive enzymes? Lysosomes 3. what organelle makes proteins? ribosomes 4. what organelle is the master control center? nucleus 5. Who was the first person to name and identify cells? Hooke 6. What are the functions of the cell membrane? Protection, selectively permeable, surrounds the cell 7. What organelle is the cell’s highway system? ER 8. what cell organelles produce energy? Remember we are talking about plants and animals? Mitochondria and chloroplasts 9. what molecule forms the main part of the cell membrane? Phospholipids 10. What organelles were seen under low and high power when doing the onion and cheek cell lab? Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and cell wall 11. What is a cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles? eukaryotes 12. Who does the cell theory apply to? All organisms 13. What type of solution is it when both the inside and outside of the cell are equal? isotonic 14. What is the basic unit of structure and function in living things? The cell 15. What is a cell organelle? Structures that perform specific jobs for the cell 16. Who was the first person to observe organisms? Leeuwenhoek 17. What would a cell be involved in if a lot of rough ER is observed in it? Protein synthesis 18. What part of the cell contains chromatin? nucleus 19. What part of the cell provides shape and attachment for other cells? cytoskeleton 20. What is stored in the vacuole? Water, carbs, salts, sap for plants 21. What part of the cell functions in the shape? Cell membrane and cytoskeleton 22. Why is a cell membrane selectively permeable? It only allows some substances to enter and some to exit the cell 23. What part transports materials throughout the cell? ER 24. What cell part gives plants cells their shape? Cell membrane 25. What forms channels in the cell membrane to allow certain molecules to pass through? proteins 26. If a solution is 5% salt on the inside of a cell and 8% salt on the outside of a cell, what would happen to the cell and what type of solution is it in? What is the water concentration inside and outside of the cell? Hint: Draw a picture if need be. The cell will shrink because it is in a hypertonic solution. The water concentration is higher inside the cell than outside. 27. What are prokaryotes? Cell without a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles 28. What are the parts of a cell that are found in plants and not animals? Chrloroplast and cell wall 29. What is the difference between smooth and rough ER? Rough contains the ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis and smooth doesn’t contain any ribosomes and is involved in moving lipids For the questions 30-35, write ALL of the types of transport types that apply. 30. no energy is needed to move particles osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion 31. phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and exocytosis are all examples active transport 32. diffusion of water from high to low concentration osmosis 33. particles move from high to low concentration diffusion and facilitated diffusion 34. requires energy to move particles active transport 35. Where does energy in the cell come from? ATP 36. What process allows a cell to obtain energy from food? Phagocytosis – active transport 40. What is the process where glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid? glycolysis 41. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell? cytoplasm 42. Is glycolysis aerobic or anerobic? anaerobic 43. How many ATPs are produced after glycolysis? Be careful. 4 44. How many ATPs are produced once cell respiration is complete? 36 45. During what process are most of the ATP molecules produced? Electron transport chain - ETC 46. What are the waste products of lactic acid fermentation? Alcoholic fermentation? Waste products of lactic acid are lactic acid and waste products of alcoholic fermentation are carbon dioxide and alcohol 47. What are the 3 parts of cell respiration? Glycolysis, krebs cycle, ETc 48. Where does the krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the cell? mitochondria 49. What processes breakdown pyruvic acid from glycolysis aerobically? Krebs, and ETC 50. What is the chemical equation for cell respiration? C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP 51. What is the main pigment in green plants? chrlorphyll 52. Does photosynthesis occur in two stages? Yes or No? Explain. Yes, it contain the light dependent stage and the light independent stage known as the Calvin Cycle 53. What color(s) does the pigment chlorophyll absorb the most? Red, blue, and violet 54. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 55. What are the two 3-carbon products of glycolysis? Pyruvic acid or pyruvate 56. What are the two types of fermentation? Lactic acid and alcoholic 57. What is produced in the muscles during exercise? Lactic acid 58. What is the breakdown of food molecules in the presence of oxygen? Cell respiration 59. What are the two stages of photosynthesis called? Light dependent and light independent reactions 60. What process of photosynthesis converts ATP into storable energy? Light independent (calvin cycle) 61. What is an autotroph? Organism that can make its own food 62. What is a pigment? Something that absorbs sunlight 63. What is the unit of energy in food? Kilocalorie (C) 64. Where is the energy in ATP? How is it obtained? The energy is in the phosphate-phosphate bonds. It is obtained by breaking the bonds between the phosphates 65. Why do leaves turn different colors in the fall? 66. What is the sequence of events for cell respiration to occur? Glycolysis, krebs, etc 67. What is the release of energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen? Anaerobic respiratioin 68. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight 69. What organism must consume other organisms for energy? heterotrophs 70. What are the 3 parts to the cell theory? Cells are the bacic unit of structure and function All organisms are made of cells Cell come from preexisting cells 71. What process allows solid particles into the cell? phagocytosis 72. What process releases materials out of the cell such as hormones or waste? exocytosis 73. What are the products of photosynthesis? C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 74. What parts of the cell does glucose travel in order to be converted to ATP? It goes through the cell membrane to the cytoplasm and into the mitochondria 75. What is the purpose of cilia? What is the purpose of flagella? Their purpose is for cell movement 76. What would happen to cells placed in a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic solution? A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will inflate and one placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink Short Answer: 77. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Animal Cells small vacuole (vesicles) glycogen as food storage nucleus in center smaller in size irregular shape no cell wall 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Plant Cells large vacuole starch as food storage nucleus near cell wall larger in size regular shape - rectangular cell wall present 78. Compare and contrast lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals and produces lactic acid as a waste product. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast and bacteria and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide as waster products. 79. What is the net ATPs produced after glycolysis and why? The ATPs produced are actually 4, but the net is 2 because 2 ATPs are needed to start the glycolysis process over again. 80. Compare and contrast all the types of passive and active transport discussed in class. All the types of passive transport move substances from a high to low concentration and doesn’t require any energy. Osmosis is the movement of water from high to low. Diffusion is the movement of anything but water from high to low concentration, and facilitated diffusion is the movement of substances from high to low concentration with the help of protein channels in the cell membrane. Active transport moves substances from low to high concentration and requires energy. Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both types of endocytosis. Phagocytosis is the taking in of solid food and pinocytosis is the taking in of liquids. Exocytosis is moving things out of the cell. 81. Explain the importance of oxygen during cell respiration. Oxygen is important because it combines with electrons in the mitochondria to produce large amounts of ATP, specifically 32 ATPs. 82. Suppose you had three disposable diapers and three solutions with different water concentrations. One concentration had distilled water (water with no impurities), a second had tap water, and a third had salt water. What would each solution do to the diaper and why? What diaper would hold the most water and why? The distilled water would cause the diaper to increase in size and leak, the tap water would most likely allow the diaper to hold water, and the salt water would probably shrink the diaper and cause it not to hold any water.