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Physical Science Definitions Unit 1 1. Scientific method—series of planned steps to solve a problem 2. Physical science—study of matter and energy 3. Technology—using scientific knowledge to help solve problems and accomplish tasks 4. Hypothesis—making a prediction to a problem based on best information available 5. Theory—a unifying explanation about a natural phenomenon supported by hypotheses and observations that have been tested 6. Law—a rule of nature that predicts what will happen ever time a set of conditions exists 7. Model—a representation of an object or system 8. Volume—amount of space an object occupies 9. Temperature—average kinetic energy of particles in a particular substance 10. Area –amount of surface an object has 11. Density—mass divided by volume 12. Meniscus—curvature of a liquid in that forms in a container 13. Mass—amount of matter in a particular object 14. Weight—measure of gravitational force exerted on an object 15. Inertia—tendency of an object to resist change in motion Unit 2 16. Motion—change in position over time 17. Speed—rate at which an object moves 18. Velocity—rate at which an object moves in a particular direction 19. Acceleration—rate a which velocity changes 20. Force—a push or pull 21. Newton—unit to measure force 22. Net force—the sum of forces that are exerted on an object 1 Physical Science Definitions 23. Friction—force that opposes motion between two surfaces that in contact with each other 24. Gravity –force of attraction between objects due to their masses 25. Terminal velocity—a constant velocity a falling object reaches when the downward force equals upward force 26. Free fall—gravity is the only force acting on an object 27. Projectile motion—the curved path an object follows when thrown near the surface of the Earth 28. Momentum—a property of a moving object that depends on the object’s mass and velocity 29. Newton’s 1st law of motion—an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion until an outside force acts on that object 30. Newton’s 2nd law of motion—acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and force applied to object 31. Newton’s 3rd law of motion—for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Unit 3 32. Energy—ability to do work 33. Kinetic energy—energy in a moving object 34. Potential energy—energy in an object due to it’s position, shape, or composition 35. Mechanical energy—sum of potential energy and kinetic energy 36. Law conservation of energy—energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transferred to another form 37. Nonrenewable resources—an energy resource that cannot be replaced in an adequate time period 38. Renewable resources—an energy resource that can be replaced in an adequate time period 39. Thermal expansion—an increase in a substance’s volume due to an increase in temperature 40. Absolute zero—temperature at which all particles stop moving 41. Heat – transfer of energy between objects of two different temperatures 2 Physical Science Definitions 42. Thermal energy—total energy of particles that are in a substance 43. Conduction—transfer of energy by direct contact 44. Convection—transfer of energy by the movement of fluids 45. Radiation—transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves 46. Specific heat capacity—amount of energy needed to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1oC 47. Conductor—a type of substance that transfers energy easily 48. Insulator—a type of substance that doesn’t transfer energy easily Unit 4 49. Fluid—a material that can flow and take the shape of its container 50. Pressure—amount of force exerted over a given area 51. Pascal’s Principle—a change in pressure in an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally throughout that fluid 52. Buoyant force—an upward force 53. Archimedes’ Principle—the buoyant force of a fluid is equal to the weight of the volume of fluid displaced by the object 54. Bernoulli’s Principle—as a fluid’s speed increase the amount of force the fluid exerts decreases 55. Lift—an upward force on an object that opposes the downward force of gravity 56. Thrust—forward force acting on an object 57. Drag—force that opposes a moving object’s forward movement through a fluid 58. Element—a substance made up of only one type of atom 59. Pure substance—a substance that contains only one type of particle; includes elements and compounds 60. Metals—elements that are shiny, good conductor, malleable, and ductile 61. Nonmetals—elements that dull, brittle, and poor conductors 62. Metalloids—elements that semi-conductors 63. Compound—a pure substance composed of two or more elements that lose their individual properties 3 Physical Science Definitions 64. Mixture—combination of two or more substances that retain their own individual properties 65. Solution—two or more substances that are combined together that appear as a single phase 66. Solute—the substance that dissolves to form a solution 67. Solvent—the substance that does the dissolving to form a solution 68. Concentration—measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent 69. Solubility—the amount of solute needed to make a saturated solution in certain amount of solvent at a certain temperature 70. Suspension—a heterogeneous mixture that the particles settle out 71. Colloid—a heterogeneous mixture that the particles don’t settle out 72. Boyle’s Law—a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas will increase as its pressure decreases 73. Charles’ Law—a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of a gas will increase as its temperature increases 74. Vaporization—changing from a liquid to gas 75. Sublimation—changing from a solid to gas 76. Evaporation—changing from a liquid to gas only at surface of a liquid 77. Boiling—changing from a liquid to gas throughout the liquid 78. Melting –changing from solid to liquid 79. Freezing—changing from liquid to solid Unit 5 80. Atom—building blocks of all matter 81. Electron—a negatively charged particle within the atom 82. Electron cloud—region where electrons are likely to be found within the atom 83. Proton—a positively charged particle within the atom 84. Neutron—a particle within the atom that has no charge 85. Isotopes—an atom that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons 4 Physical Science Definitions 86. Mass number—the sum of protons and neutrons 87. Atomic mass—weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element 88. Periodic Law—the chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers 89. Period—a horizontal row of elements on the periodic table 90. Group—a vertical column of elements on the periodic table Unit 6 91. Chemical bond—force of attractions that hold two atoms together 92. Valence electrons—number of electrons found in the outer energy level of an element 93. Ionic bond—force of attraction between a positively charged atom and a negatively charged atom 94. Ions—an atom that has lost or gained an electron 95. Crystal lattice—a repeating 3-D pattern of ions 96. Covalent bond—a force of attraction between atoms by sharing their electrons 97. Metallic bond—a force of attractions between a positively charged metal and negatively charged electron 98. Cation— a positively charged atom 99. Anion—a negatively charged atom 100. Chemical reaction—a process by which one or more substances under goes a change into a one or more new substances 101. Chemical formula—a shorthand notation using symbols and numbers to represent a compound or diatomic element 102. Reactants—the starting materials in a chemical reaction 103. Products— the substances formed in a chemical reaction 104. Law of conservation of mass—mass cannot be created or destroyed during a normal chemical or physical change 105. Synthesis reaction—two or more substances combine to form a single compound 5 Physical Science Definitions 106. Decomposition reaction—a single compound breaks down into two or more substances 107. Single-replacement reaction—a single element replaces another element in a compound 108. Double-replacement reaction—ions in two compounds switch places 109. Exothermic—during a chemical or physical change energy is given off 110. Endothermic—during a chemical or phyical change energy is taken in 111. Activation energy—minimum amount of energy to start a reaction 112. Catalyst—a substance that speeds up a reaction 113. Inhibitor—a substance that slows down or stops a reaction Unit 7 114. Law of electric charges—like charges repel and opposite charges attract 115. Electric force—the force between charged objects 116. Static electricity—build up of electric charges on an object 117. Electric discharge—loss of static electricity as a charge moves off an object 118. Cell—device that produces an electric current by converting chemical energy into electrical energy 119. Battery—device that is made up of several cells working together 120. Potential difference—the difference in energy per unit charge as a charge moves between two points 121.Current—the flow of electricity 122. Voltage—the difference in energy per unit of charge as a charge moves between two points in an electric curcuit 123. Resistance—the opposition to the flow of electric charge 124. Electric power—the rate at which electrical energy is used to do work 124. Circuit—a complete, closed path through which electric charges flow 125. Load—a device that uses electrical energy to do work 126. Series circuit—a circuit in which all the parts are connected in a single loop 127. Parallel circuit—a circuit in which different loads are on separate branches 6 Physical Science Definitions 128. Magnet—any material that attracts iron or materials containing iron 129. Poles—parts of a magnet where the magnetic effects are strongest 130. Magnetic force—the force of repulsion or attraction between the poles of magnets 131. Electromagnetism—the interaction between electricity and magnetism 132. Solenoid—a coil of wire that produces a magnetic field when carrying an electric current 133. Electromagnet—a magnet that consists of a solenoid wrapped around an iron core 134. Electric motor—device that changes electric energy into kinetic energy 135. Electromagnetic induction—the process by which an electric current is produced by changing the magnetic field 136. Generator—a device that uses electromagnetic induction to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy 137. Transformer—a device that increases or decreases the voltage of alternating current 7