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Chapter 18 Endocrine & Reproductive Systems Endocrine System • Endocrine glands – are ductless or tubeless organs or group of cells that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream • Hormones – are chemical substances that are produced in glands and help regulate many of the body’s functions Endocrine System • Thyroid – produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth. The thyroid produces thyroxin, which regulates the way cells release energy from nutrients • Testes – are the male reproductive glands Endocrine System • Parathyroid glands – produce a hormone that regulates the body’s calcium and phosphorus balance • Hypothalamus – links the endocrine system with the nervous system and stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete hormones Endocrine System • Pineal Gland – secretes melatonin, which regulates sleep cycles and is thought to affect the onset of puberty • Pituitary Gland – regulates and controls the activities of other endocrine glands also known as the “master gland” • Ovaries – the female reproductive gland Endocrine System • Thymus Gland – regulates development of the immune system • Adrenal Glands – produce hormones that regulate the body’s salt and water balance. Secretion from the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla control the body’s emergency response Endocrine System • Pancreas – is a gland that serves both the digestive and endocrine systems. As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secrete two hormones that regulate the level of glucose in the blood – glucagon and insulin Pituitary Gland • Pituitary Gland – regulates and controls the activities of all the other endocrine glands • Also known as the “master gland” • Has 3 sections Anterior lobe, intermediate, & posterior Adrenal Glands • Adrenal Glands – are glands that help the body recover from the stress and respond to emergencies • Adrenal Cortex – secretes a hormone that inhibits the amount of sodium excreted in urine and serves to maintain blood volume and pressure Adrenal Glands • Adrenal medulla – secretes the hormones epinephrine (Adrenaline) and norepinephrine Problems of the Endocrine System • Diabetes Mellitus – a disorder in which the pancreas produces too little or no insulin, resulting in high blood glucose levels. Problems of the Endocrine System • Graves disease – a disorder in which an overactive and enlarged thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxin • Cushing's disease – results from the overproduction of adrenal hormones Problems of the Endocrine System • Goiter – an enlargement of the thyroid gland, is caused mainly by lack of iodine in the diet • Growth disorders – are caused by abnormal amounts of growth hormone The Male Reproductive System Lesson 2 • Reproductive system – the system of organs involved in producing offspring Structure & function of the male reproductive system • Sperm – the male reproductive cells • Testosterone – the male sex hormone, produced in the pituitary gland External male reproductive organs • Testes – or testicles are two small glands that produce sperm • Testes are located in the scrotum an external skin sac • Penis – a tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk of the body just above the testes External male reproductive organs • The penis releases semen a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system • Fertilization – the joining of the sperm and egg cells Internal male reproductive organs • Urethra – the passageway through which both semen and urine leave the male body • Vas Deferens – are the tubes that extend from each epididymis to the urethra Internal male reproductive organs • Seminal Vesicle – as sperm move through the vas deferens, they are combined with a nourishing fluid produced by the seminal vesicles Internal male reproductive organs • Prostate Gland & Cowper’s Gland – secretions from the prostate gland and Cowper's gland combine with the spermcontaining fluid to form semen • Testes – where sperm is formed Internal male reproductive organs • Epididymis – the tubes in each testis join the epididymis, a larger coiled tube where sperm mature & are stored Care of the Male Reproductive System • • • • Get regular checkups Bathe regularly Wear protective equipment Perform regular selfexaminations • Practice abstinence Problems of the Male Reproductive System • Inguinal Hernia – is a separation of tissue that allows part of the intestine to push into the abdominal wall near the top of the scrotum • Sterility – the inability to reproduce Testicular Cancer • Testicular cancer can affect males of any age but occurs more commonly between the ages of 14-40. • Increase risk factors include – undescended testicle, abnormal testicular development, & family history The Female Reproductive System Lesson 3 • Uterus – a hollow, muscular pear-shaped organ inside a female’s body Structure & Function of the female reproductive system • Ovaries – the female sex glands that store the ova & produce female sex hormones • Ovulation – the process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month Female Reproductive Organs • Fallopian tubes – a pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that draw in the ovum • Vagina – a muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body Female Reproductive Organs • Cervix – is the opening of the uterus • Uterus – protects and nourishes a developing fetus • Ovaries – contain the ova and produce hormones • Fallopian tubes – ova, or eggs, travel from the ovaries to the uterus through the fallopian tubes Female Reproductive Organs • Endometrium – tissue lines the uterus Menstruation • Menstruation – is the shedding of the uterus lining Care of the female reproductive system • Bathe regularly • Practice abstinence Breast Self-exam • Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of death, after lung cancer for women in the United States • The American Cancer Society recommends that females examine their breasts once a month, right after the menstrual period Problems of the female reproductive system • Menstrual cramps – occur at the beginning of a menstrual period. • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – a disorder caused by hormonal changes • Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) – a rare but serious bacterial infection that affects the immune system and the liver, and can be fatal Problems related to infertility • Endometriosis – a painful, chronic disease occurs when tissue that lines the uterus migrates and grows in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the uterus, or the lining of the pelvic cavity Problems related to infertility • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) – an infection of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and the surrounding areas of the pelvis • Sexually transmitted disease – the most common causes of infertility and other disorders of the reproductive system Female reproductive disorders • Vaginitis – caused by bacterial vaginosis, the most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age • Blocked fallopian tubes – the leading cause of infertility, may result from PID Female reproductive disorders • Cervical, uterine, & ovarian cancer – occur in the female reproductive system