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BI 200 - Exam #2B Spring 2002 Name Lab Section Disclaimer Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. 1. Which of the following bacteria most closes resembles mitochondria with regards to its electron transport chain? a. b. c. d. the obligate aerobe Paracoccus the cyanobacterium Anabaena the spore former Bacillus the archaean Methanosarcina 2. Which of the following bacteria is most similar to the forerunner of the hydrogenosome found in anaerobic protozoa? a. b. c. d. Methanosarcina Hydrogenobacter Clostridium Alcalignenes 3. Stromatolites dating back 2 billion years, when oxygen first appeared in the atmosphere, are rich in fossilized bacteria resembling modern a. b. c. d. Methanogens Cyanobacteria Green algae Amoeba 4. Which of the following bacteria ferments sugars to lactic acid as the sole end product? a. b. c. d. Lactobacillus Zymomonas Clostridium Escherichia 5. Which of the following is a bacterium that ferments sugars to ethanol and CO2? a. b. c. d. Lactobacillus Zymomonas Saccharomyces Escherichia BI 200 - Exam #2A Spring 2002 Name Lab Section Disclaimer Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. 1. Which of the following bacteria most closes resembles the chloroplast with regards to its photosynthetic activity? a. b. c. d. the obligate aerobe Paracoccus the cyanobacterium Anabaena the spore former Bacillus the archaean Methanosarcina 2. Which of the following bacteria is most similar to the forerunner of the hydrogenosome found in anaerobic protozoa? a. b. c. d. Methanosarcina Hydrogenobacter Clostridium Alcalignenes 3. Stromatolites dating back 2 billion years, when oxygen first appeared in the atmosphere, are rich in fossilized bacteria resembling modern a. b. c. d. Methanogens Cyanobacteria Green algae Amoeba 4. Which of the following bacteria ferments sugars to lactic acid as the sole end product? a. b. c. d. Lactobacillus Zymomonas Clostridium Escherichia 5. Which of the following is a eukaryote that ferments sugars to ethanol and CO2? a. b. c. d. Lactobacillus Zymomonas Saccharomyces Escherichia 6. Which of the following is an obligate aerobe? a. b. c. d. e. Alcalignenes Escherichia Clostridium none of the above all of the above 7. Which of the following is not a lithotroph? a. b. c. d. Desulfovibrio growing on lactate and sulfate Beggiatoa growing on H2S and O2 Thiobacillus growing on Fe3+ and O2 Sulfolobus growing on H2S and O2 8. Which of the following is a eukaryote? a. b. c. d. Streptococcus Rhodospirillum Methanosarcina Saccharomyces 9. Which of the following organisms is a photosynthetic archaea? a. b. c. d. Oscillatoria Chromatium Euglena Halobacterium 10. Which of the following organisms carries out oxygenic photosynthesis? a. b. c. d. Anabaena Chromatium Rhodospirillum Halobacterium 11. Which of the following uses H2S as electron donor for photoautotrophic growth? (There are two possible correct answers; chose either one, but only one) a. b. c. d. Chlorobium Chromatium Rhodospirillum Chloroflexus 6. Which of the following is an obligate anaerobe? a. b. c. d. e. Alcalignenes Escherichia Methanosarcina none of the above all of the above 7. Which of the following is not a lithotroph? a. b. c. d. Desulfovibrio growing on lactate and sulfate Beggiatoa growing on H2S and O2 Thiobacillus growing on Fe3+ and O2 Sulfolobus growing on H2S and O2 8. Which of the following is an archaea? a. b. c. d. Streptococcus Rhodospirillum Methanosarcina Saccharomyces 9. Which of the following organisms is a photosynthetic archaea? a. b. c. d. Oscillatoria Chromatium Euglena Halobacterium 10. Which of the following organisms carries out oxygenic photosynthesis? a. b. c. d. Anabaena Chromatium Rhodospirillum Halobacterium 11. Which of the following does not use H2S as electron donor for photoautotrophic growth? (There are two possible correct answers; chose either one, but only one) a. b. c. d. Chlorobium Chromatium Rhodospirillum Chloroflexus 12. Which of the following reduces nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-)? a. b. c. d. Pseudomonas Nitrobacter Nitrosomonas Escherichia 13. Which of the following oxidizes ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2-)? a. b. c. d. Pseudomonas Nitrobacter Nitrosomonas Escherichia 14. Which of the following organisms oxidizes H2S to H2SO4 at very low pH? a. b. c. d. Desulfovibrio Beggiatoa Thiobacillus Chromatium 15. All of the following carry out anaerobic respiration except a. b. c. d. Desulfovibrio Geobacter Methanosarcina Hydrogenobacter 16. Which of the following carry out anaerobic respiration using iron (Fe3+) as terminal electron acceptor? (There are two possible correct answers; chose either one, but only one) a. b. c. d. Leptothrix Geobacter Gallionella Shewanella 17. The bacterium associated with acid mine drainage is a. b. c. d. Thiobacillus Hydrogenobacter Geobacter Lactobacillus 12. Which of the following reduces nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (N2)? a. b. c. d. Pseudomonas Nitrobacter Nitrosomonas Escherichia 13. Which of the following oxidizes nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-)? a. b. c. d. Pseudomonas Nitrobacter Nitrosomonas Escherichia 14. Which of the following organisms oxidizes H2S to H2SO4 at neutral pH? a. b. c. d. Desulfovibrio Beggiatoa Thiobacillus Chromatium 15. All of the following carry out anaerobic respiration except a. b. c. d. Desulfovibrio Geobacter Methanosarcina Hydrogenobacter 16. Which of the following carry out iron-oxidation using iron (Fe2+) as electron donor? (There are two possible correct answers; chose either one, but only one) a. b. c. d. Leptothrix Geobacter Gallionella Shewanella 17. The bacterium associated with the fermentation of dairy products is a. b. c. d. Thiobacillus Hydrogenobacter Geobacter Lactobacillus 18. The bacterium associated with denitrification is a. Pseudomonas b. Nitrobacter c. Nitrosomonas d. Escherichia 19. Which of the following is your favorite microorganism? a. Methanosarcina b. Nitrobacter c. Geobacter d. Escherichia 20. Which of the following is your least favorite microorganism? a. Methanosarcina c. Bacillus anthracis b. Staphylococcus aureus d. Streptococcus pyogenes True/False. Indicate the validity of these statements by writing the whole word TRUE or the whole word FALSE before each of these statements. 1 point each. __________21. Enzymes are protein catalysts. __________22. Enzymes are consumed during the course of a reaction. __________23. In an oxidation-reduction reaction electrons are transferred from the reduced form of one couple to the oxidized form of a more positive couple. __________24. Chlorophyll and cytochromes both contain porphoryn (tetrapyrole) ring structures. __________25. Bacteriochlorophyll and chlorophyll differ greatly in their structure, but absorb the same type of light. __________26. Heterocysts are specialized cells in cyanobacteria that are involved in nitrogen fixation. __________27. Coenzyme A is involved with electron transfer, while NAD+ is involved in transfer of carbon atoms. __________28. The net result of proton extrusion through the membrane is acidification of the cytoplasm. __________29. Metabolism involves two basic kinds of chemical transformations, building up (biosynthetic) processes, called anabolism, and breaking down processes, called catabolism, which usually result in energy release. __________30. When sulfate-reducing bacteria reduce SO42- to cysteine, this is called assimilatory sulfate-reduction. 18. The bacterium associated with denitrification drainage is a. Pseudomonas b. Nitrobacter c. Nitrosomonas d. Escherichia 19. Which of the following is your favorite microorganism? a. Methanosarcina b. Nitrobacter c. Geobacter d. Escherichia 20. Which of the following is your least favorite microorganism? a. Methanosarcina c. Bacillus anthracis b. Staphylococcus aureus d. Streptococcus pyogenes True/False. Indicate the validity of these statements by writing the whole word TRUE or the whole word FALSE before each of these statements. 1 point each. __________21. Enzymes are protein catalysts. __________22. Enzymes are neither consumed nor produced during the course of a reaction. __________23. In an oxidation-reduction reaction electrons are transferred from the reduced form of one couple to the oxidized form of a more negative couple. __________24. Chlorophyll contains Mg, while cytochromes contain Fe. __________25. Bacteriochlorophyll and chlorophyll differ slightly in their structure, but absorb very different types of light. __________26. Heterocysts are specialized cells in cyanobacteria that are involved in CO2 fixation. __________27. Coenzyme A is involved with transfer of carbon atoms, while NAD+ is involved in electron transfer. __________28. The net result of proton extrusion through the membrane is acidification of the medium. __________29. Metabolism involves two basic kinds of chemical transformations, building up (biosynthetic) processes, called anabolism, and breaking down processes, called catabolism, which usually result in energy release. __________30. When sulfate-reducing bacteria reduce SO42- to H2S, this is called assimilatory sulfate-reduction. Matching. Match the structure or enzyme on the right to the description on the left that is most appropriate. There is only one best answer. 1 point each ________ 41. Green sulfur bacterium photosythentic membrane structure. A. Carboxysome B. Gas vessicle ________ 42. Substrate oxidation enzyme in Nitrosomonas. ________ 43. Photosynthetic pigment in Halobacterium halobium. C. Chlorosome D. Bacteriorhodopsin E. Rusticyanin ________ 44. Fluorescent cofactor in Methanogens. ________ 45. Key enzyme in the reductive stage of fermentation by yeast. F. Ammonium monoxygenase G. Hydrogenosome ________ 46. Helps photosynthetic bacteria float. H. Hydrogenase ________ 47. Putative endosymbiotic organelle found in some anaerobic protozoa. ________ 48. Membrane bound sack rich in the RuBisCo enzyme. ________ 49. Substrate oxidation enzyme in Thiobacillus ferroxidans ________ 50. 2H+ + 2 e- H2 I. Alcohol dehydrogenase J. F420 Matching. Match the structure or enzyme on the right to the description on the left that is most appropriate. There is only one best answer. 1 point each ________ 41. Green sulfur bacterium photosythentic membrane structure. A. Carboxysome B. Gas vessicle ________ 42. Substrate oxidation enzyme in Nitrosomonas. ________ 43. Photosynthetic pigment in Halobacterium halobium. C. Chlorosome D. Bacteriorhodopsin E. Rusticyanin ________ 44. Fluorescent cofactor in Methanogens. ________ 45. Key enzyme in the reductive stage of fermentation by yeast. F. Ammonium monoxygenase G. Hydrogenosome ________ 46. Helps photosynthetic bacteria float. H. Hydrogenase ________ 47. Putative endosymbiotic organelle found in some anaerobic protozoa. ________ 48. Membrane bound sack rich in the RuBisCo enzyme. ________ 49. Substrate oxidation enzyme in Thiobacillus ferroxidans ________ 50. 2H+ + 2 e- H2 I. Alcohol dehydrogenase J. F420 Short answer/ Explanations 51. Bacteria can make energy in many ways: fermentation, respiration, photosynthesis, etc. Name three ways that they spend their energy. 3 points A. B. C. 52. (5 points) Describe the second stage of chemical evolution. What were the monomers that came together to form biological polymers? Name the polymers formed. Describe how these reactions might have taken place. What kind of reaction is involved? Describe how this theory has been tested. Short answer/ Explanations 51. Bacteria can make energy in many ways: fermentation, respiration, photosynthesis, etc. Name three ways that they spend their energy. 3 points A. B. C. 52. (5 points) Describe the first stage of chemical evolution. What were the small molecules that came together to form organic compounds that are the monomers for biological polymers? What gas was missing from the atmosphere? Name the monomers (but not the polymers) formed. What were the energy sources for the process. Describe how this theory has been tested. 53. Give 4 lines of evidence that suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from endosymbiosis. A. B. C. D. 54. Give the average oxidation number for the element underlined in each of the following compounds. 1 point each. N2 C2H4O2 HNO2 H2S 55. Indicate if each of the following redox couples is written correctly (yes or no). 1 point each. Couple Midpoint Potential _____H+/H2 -0.41 _____ NADH /NAD+ -0.32 _____C2H4O2/CO2 -0.29 _____ CH4/CO2 -0.24 _____Fe3+/Fe2+ +0.77 _____O2/H2O +0.82 53. Give 4 lines of evidence that suggest that mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from endosymbiosis. A. B. C. D. 54. Give the average oxidation number for the element underlined in each of the following compounds. 1 point each. N2 C2H4O2 HNO2 H2S 55. Indicate if each of the following redox couples is written correctly (yes or no). 1 point each. Couple Midpoint Potential _____H+/H2 -0.41 _____ NADH /NAD+ -0.32 _____C2H4O2/CO2 -0.29 _____ CO2 /CH4 -0.24 _____Fe3+/Fe2+ +0.77 _____O2/H2O +0.82 56. Given the midpoint potentials in the previous table, which oxidation-reduction reaction could provide the most energy for growth per electron transferred? (2 points) Indicate how electrons are being transferred between couples (2 points), and calculate potential energy change (in volts) each electron experiences (2 points). a. 4 H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2 H2O b. CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O 57. A protonophore, such as dinitrophenol, creates wholes in membranes allowing protons to pass back and forth freely. This makes generating a proton gradient impossible. Indicate if dinitrophenol would inhibit the growth of the following bacteria by writing YES (inhibition occurs) or NO (does not affect ATP sythesis) before each case. 1 point each _____ An archaen carrying out photosynthesis _____ An oxygenic phototroph _____ A lithotroph oxidizing H2 _____ A fermentative bacterium carrying out glycolysis _____ An anoxygenic phototroph _____ An obligate aerobe carrying out respiration 58. Use one of the following terms that describes best the metabolism of the microorganism in each case. Answer any ancillary questions. 1 point per response. Chemoorganoheterotroph Photoautotroph Chemolithoautotroph Photoheterotroph a. A cyanobacterium growing by oxygenic photosynthesis, using CO2 as its sole source of carbon. (What is its external electron donor?) b. A purple non-sulfur bacterium growing by anoxygenic photosynthesis, using fumarate C4H4O4 as its source of carbon. c. A yeast fermenting glucose. d. Thiobacillus oxidizing H2S and reducing O2, using CO2 as its sole source of carbon. (Is this anaerobic or aerobic respiration?) 58. Use one of the following terms that describes best the metabolism of the microorganism in each case. Answer any ancillary questions. 1 point per response. Chemoorganoheterotroph Photoautotroph Chemolithoautotroph Photoheterotroph a. A cyanobacterium growing by oxygenic photosynthesis, using CO2 as its sole source of carbon. b. A purple sulfur bacterium growing by anoxygenic photosynthesis, using CO2 as its source of carbon. (What is its external electron donor?) c. A yeast fermenting glucose. d. Desulfovibrio growing on lactate (C3H6O3) and sulfate (SO42-). (Is this anaerobic or aerobic respiration?) Bonus 1. Which of the following statements best describes the occurrence of thermophilic organisms among the three lines of descent? a. Thermophilic organisms appear only in the bacteria b. Thermophilic organism are equally distributed among the archaea, bacteria, and eukarya c. Thermophilic organism occur among the archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, with archaea including the most extreme examples d. Microbes can’t grow at temperatures much higher than 98 oF 2. The upper temperature limit on growth of microorganisms discovered so far seems to be a. 98 oF b. 165 oC c. 212 oC d. 235 oC 3. Study of thermophilic bacteria from hot springs and other places around the world has led to a. the idea that life was possible in the early history of the Earth when temperatures were much higher. b. the discovery of a third form of life – archaea c. the complete sequencing of DNA from thermophiles and other organisms d. the use of heat-stable enzymes in biotechnology e. All of the above 4. Which of the following is a microbiologist from the University of Illinois who is credited with discovering the archaea? a. b. c. d. Dr. Thomas D. Brock Dr. William Schopf Dr. Carl R. Woese Dr. Norman Pace. 5. Which of the following is a microbiologist from the University of Wisconsin that pioneered the study of thermophilic bacteria in hot springs? a. b. c. d. Dr. Thomas D. Brock Dr. William Schopf Dr. Carl R. Woese Dr. Norman Pace.