Download European Exploration

European Exploration
Chapters 19 and 20
God, Gold, and Glory
“To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to
those who were in darkness and to grow rich
as all men desire to do.”
–Bartolomeu Dias (Portuguese Explorer)
Reasons for European Exploration
• The desire for new sources of wealth
• Europeans demanded spices, such as
cinnamon, pepper, ginger, and nutmeg which
added flavor to their foods
• Italian and Muslim merchants controlled the
market of these goods
• Because the demand was so high, they could
charge high prices and make a lot of profit
Reasons for European Exploration
• European merchants from England, Spain,
Portugal, and France wanted to find a way to
bypass these Italian merchants and increase
profits for themselves
Reasons for European Exploration
• The desire to spread
Christianity also
motivated European
explorers
• They had gotten a taste
of spreading Christianity
through the Crusades
Advancements in Sailing:
1. Astrolabe-uses stars to
track long. and lat.
2. Magnetic Compass
(Thanks Tang and Song)
3. Caravel-new ship with
triangle sails (helps
sailing against the
wind)
Caravel
WIND
Portugal
• Prince Henry was very
interested in Asia
• He discovered a great
deal of wealth, spices
and gold, during a
Crusade in Northern
Africa
• He set up ports in
Northern Africa
Portugal
• Wanted a direct route
to Asia
• 1497-Vasco da Gama
sailed around the Cape
of Good Hope and
explored the East
African Coast
Portugal
• Da Gama eventually
reached India
• They loaded their ships
up with spices and
returned to Portugal in
1499
• There cargo was 60
times the price of the
voyage!
Spain
• Like Portugal, also
desired a direct route to
Asia
• 1492- Christopher
Columbus sailed across
the Atlantic in order to
get to India
• He landed on Hispaniola
and called the natives
“Indians”
Spain and Portugal butt heads
• They would argue and fight over claimed land in the
New World
• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas
Exploration
The Dutch (Netherlands), England, and France
would also join Portugal and Spain in exploring
both Asia and the New World…
God, Gold and Glory are what
exploration had to offer! HUGE
REWARDS; however, HUGE
RISKS were involved.
From Columbus’s Journal:
“For nine days I was as one lost, without hope of life. Eyes
never beheld the sea so angry, so high, so covered with foam.
The wind not only prevented our progress, but offered no
opportunity to run behind any headland for shelter; hence we
were forced to keep out in this bloody ocean, seething like a
pot on a hot fire. Never did the sky look more terrible; for one
whole day and night it blazed like a furnace, and the lightning
broke with such violence that each time I wondered if it had
carried off my spars and sails; the flashes came with such fury
and frightfulness that we all thought that the ship would be
blasted. All this time the water never ceased to fall from the
sky; I do not say it rained, for it was like another deluge. The
men were so worn out that they longed for death to end their
dreadful suffering.”
Pedro Alvares Cabral
• Portoguese Explorer
• 1500 reached modern
day Brazil and claimed
the land for Portugal
Amerigo Vespucci
• An Italian in the service
of Portugal
• Traveled along the East
Coast of South America
• Upon his return to
Europe he claimed the
land as a “new world”
• In 1507 a German
mapmaker named the
new land “America”
Ferdinand Magellan
• Spanish Explorer
• With 250 men and 5
ships he sailed around
the Southern tip of
South America
• He reached the
Philippines
• He was killed in a local
war
Ferdinand Magellan’s Fleet
• Many of his men also died of disease and starvation
• Only 18 men and 1 ship returned to Spain
• Credited to sailing around the world
Francisco Pizarro
• Spanish Conquistador
• Marched a small force
into South America
• Conquered the Incan
Empire
Hernando Cortez
• Spanish Explorer
• Landed on the shores of
Mexico
• He and other Spanish
explorers that followed
him would be known as
conquistadors
Spanish and the Aztecs
• Cortez came in contact
with the Aztecs
• The Aztecs were located
in Tenochtitlan (Mexico
City)
• Montezumma II was the
Aztec leader
• He accepted the
Spanish and shared gold
with them
Cortez wrote that he and his comrades
had a “disease of the heart that only
gold can cure.”
Cholula Massacre
• The Spanish and Aztecs
would fight one another
on and off
• In 1521, Cortez and his
army defeated the
Aztecs
Spain and Portugal
• Spain continued to colonize lands all
throughout South and Central America
• Portugal had claimed Brazil under Cabral and
settle there creating sugar plantations
North America
Chapter 20 Section 2
Pages 561-565
Slavery in Africa
• First started due to the
spread of Islam
throughout Africa
• Muslims believed that
non-Muslim prisoners
of war could be bought
and sold as slaves
• In most African and
Muslim societies slaves
did have rights and
social mobility though
Europeans take interest in Slaves
• The first Europeans to explore Africa were more
interested in gold
• However, their interest changed to slaves after they
colonized lands in the Americas (needed workers)
African Slaves
1. Had been exposed to
European diseases
2. Had experience
farming
3. Less likely to escape
(did not know land)
4. Skin color made it easy
for them to catch if
they escaped
Atlantic Slave Trade
• The buying and selling
of Africans to work in
the Americas
• Between 1500 and
1600, 300,000 Africans
were transported to the
Americas
• During the next century,
the number jumped to
1.3 million
Triangular Trade
• African rulers and
merchants played a
willing role in the slave
trade
• Europeans would trade
with the African leaders
Middle Passage
• The actual voyage that
brought Africans to the
Americas was called the
Middle Passage
• Africans were packed
into large ships
• It is estimated that 20
Percent of Africans died
on the journey
Horrors of the Middle Passage:
“I was soon put down under the decks, and there I
received such a salutation [greeting] in my
nostrils as I never experienced in my life; so that,
with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying
together, I became so sick and low that I was not
able to eat…but soon, to my grief, two of the
white men offered me eatables; and on my
refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the
hands, and laid me across…the windlass, while
the other flogged me severely.”
-Olaudah Equiano
The Columbian Exchange
• The global exchange of plants, animals, disease, and
especially food