Download ANCIENT SOCKEYE SALMON

ANCIENTSOCKEYESALMON
WorkProjectforSuttleLake
SuttleLakeLimnologyfor
HydrologicalParametersfromArctic
BuoyMonitoringofAtmosphere&
Waterunits
by
FrankP.Conte,PhD& DavidHuni,B.S.,M.A.
President,HLAAF Computer&ElectronicsConsultant
AncientSockeyeSalmon
INTRODUCTION:HISTORYOFANCIENTSOCKEYESALMON
Oregon’s historically had two sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus herka)
populations that were located in different locations in the geographical
regionsofthestate.Onepopulationexistedintheeasternpartofthestate
inalakeregionthatisfoundintheupperGrandRoundRiverBasininthe
Wallowamountainenvironment.Thesecondpopulationwaslocatedinthe
Deschutes River Basin and occupied the Cascade mountain region of the
MetoliusRiveranditstributesofsmallcreeksandsprings.
TheprincipalspawningandgrowthhabitatoccurredinSuttleLake.
However,thetravelofyoungmigrantstothePacificOceanforadultgrowth
was severely impacted by barriers on Lake Creek in the 1930’s and the
human needs for electrical power for home building and with industrial
development for lumber. Consequently, the fishery recreation and food
industryneededtheseadultsalmontohelpmaintaintheseactivitiesforthe
growthofthecentralOregonregion.Therefore,theStatepopulationsand
state agencies began the development to restore the lost of these adult
salmon by a redevelopment program utilizing the coordination of the
Federal agencies of US Forestry, Portland General Electric Co. The
Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation and State agencies of
OregonFishandWildlifeandSeveralpublic,andprivateenterprisesinjoint
partnershipstohelpmaintainthelong-termgoalsofsustainingthepassage
of other fisheries occurring in the Deschutes River Basin such as spring
chinooksalmon,steelheadtrout,kokaneetrout,andotherwildlife.HLAAF
became one these joint partnerships by accepting the responsibility of
helping Oregon agencies in understanding the population of food species
thatlivedinSuttleLakeatthisperiodoftime.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION:HISTORYOFANCIENTSOCKEYESALMON 1
CONTENTS........................................................................
2
WHYTHENEEDFORTHELIMNOLOGICALINFORMATIONONSUTTLELAKE
3
DATA.................................................................................
4
CHARTS.............................................................................
5
GLOSSARY.........................................................................
10
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WHYTHENEEDFORTHELIMNOLOGICALINFORMATIONON
SUTTLELAKE
The requirement for both the re-establishment of sockeye salmon and
other fish populations is dependent upon knowing what the aquatic
ecosystems and wetland environmental habitats can furnish these fish
speciesinsustainingagoodlifeneededinfuturepopulations.Bothmarine
migratory species and freshwater species must have enough food to eat
and healthy environs free of disease so that their bodies can grow into
largeadultswhichaidreproductionofthespeciesforthefutureyears.Our
HLAAF project purchased an Arctic type of buoy monitoring system that
giveusdataontheboththeatmosphericconditionssurroundingthelake
and the chemical and physical conditions of the water that the spawning
adults need in order to place the fertilized eggs under the rocky terrain
whichallowstheeggtogrowintoafishembryooralevinthatcanemerge
fromspacesintherockyterraintogainaccesstothemicroscopicfoodfor
themtoeat.
Themajorfoodsourcesaremicroscopicinsizeandtype.Algalspeciescan
usesunlighttomaketheirgrowththroughtheconversionoflightenergy
by cellular chloroplasts(energy manufacture) and make energy units (ATP)
for growth and excrete the CO2 coupled with excretory product
cytochrome a. Small fish can eat these algae for their bodies’
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for their energy need to make body
tissuesandorgans.Thesesamealgaefurnishothertypesofpredatorssuch
as crustacean shrimp and other crabs etc. which become food for the
growthofsmallfishintolargerjuvenilesthattravelmigratoryroutestothe
Pacificoceanforpredationofotherfishorlargecrabs,squid,andoctopus
etc. to become large adults that can return home for reproduction
purposesthatmaintainsthegeneticprogramforsustainingthepopulation
offishofthefuture.
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DATA
Typicalmonitoringdatafromthebuoyiscapturedeverythreehoursbythe
sensors and saved in the data logger. It is then relayed via cellular
transmissiontotheHLAAFcomputerwhichwecandisplayinanumberof
ways using Microsoft Excel or Fondriest’s iChart software. These charts
helpshowthefactorswhichmakeupthegrowthpatternovertimeandwill
becompared/correlatedtopopulationcountsaswemaketrawlsforanimal
andplantlifeperiodically.
The following pages show the typical graphs of the information that
constitutes the Atmospheric conditions occupying the growth period
occurringwithtimefromthemonthsofAprilthroughoutthesummerand
ending in the fall when temperatures turn cold and stop swimming and
watermovementofthefoodspecies.Thedatacollectionseasonthisyear
was short due to delays in receiving a completed arctic unit that was
functional from our suppliers which were: Hach OTT Company and
FondriestEnvironmentalCompany.
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5
CHARTS
80
70
60
50
40
30
AvgDailyAirTemp
20
AvgWaterTemperature
10
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakedailytemperaturevariationsAugust1–30,2016
80
70
60
50
40
30
AvgDailyAirTemp
20
AvgWaterTemperature
10
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakedailytemperaturevariationsSeptember1–30,2016
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9.4
9.2
9
8.8
8.6
AvgLDOμg/L
8.4
Linear(AvgLDOμg/L)
8.2
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
25
30
SuttleLakeLuminescentdissolvedoxygenAugust1–30,2016
10
AvgLDOμg/L
9.5
Linear(AvgLDOμg/L)
9
8.5
8
7.5
1
5
10
15
20
SuttleLakeLuminescentdissolvedoxygenSeptember1–30,2016
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495
490
AvgORPmv
485
Linear(AvgORPmv)
480
475
470
465
460
455
450
445
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
25
30
SuttleLakeOxidationreductionpotentialAugust1–30,2016
700
AvgORPmv
650
Linear(AvgORPmv)
600
550
500
450
1
5
10
15
20
SuttleLakeOxidationreductionpotentialSeptember1–30,2016
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21
ResisdvityKOhms
20.8
Linear(ResisdvityKOhms)
20.6
20.4
20.2
20
19.8
19.6
19.4
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakeResistivityAugust1–30,2016
20.5
20
19.5
19
18.5
ResisdvityKOhms
18
Linear(ResisdvityKOhms)
17.5
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakeResistivitySeptember1–30,2016
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0.039
0.037
0.035
0.033
0.031
0.029
Totaldissolvedsolidsg/L
0.027
Linear(Totaldissolvedsolidsg/L)
0.025
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakeTotaldissolvedsolidsAugust1–30,2016
0.039
0.037
0.035
0.033
0.031
0.029
Totaldissolvedsolidsg/L
0.027
Linear(Totaldissolvedsolidsg/L)
0.025
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakeTotaldissolvedsolidsSeptember1–30,2016
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10
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
AvgPARSurfaceμmol/s/m2
100
AvgPARSubmergedμmol/s/m2
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakePhotosyntheticallyActiveRadiationsurfacevssubmergedAugust1–30,2016
700
600
500
400
AvgPARSurfaceμmol/s/m2
300
AvgPARSubmergedμmol/s/m2
200
100
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakePhotosyntheticallyActiveRadiationsurfacevssubmergedSeptember1–30,2016
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9.2
9.1
9
8.9
8.8
8.7
pH
Linear(pH)
8.6
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakepHAugust1–30,2016
9.5
9
8.5
8
7.5
7
pH
Linear(pH)
6.5
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakepHSeptember1–30,2016
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12
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Chlorophyllaμg/L
1
Linear(Chlorophyllaμg/L)
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakeChlorophyllaAugust1–30,2016
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
Chlorophyllaμg/L
2
Linear(Chlorophyllaμg/L)
0
1
5
10
15
20
25
30
SuttleLakeChlorophyllaSeptember1–30,2016
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GLOSSARY
Luminescentdissolvedoxygen(LDO)Amethodofmeasuringdissolved
Oxygen.ThisinstrumentisequippedwithameasuringLEDthatemitsa
pulseofbluelightandaphotodiodeasalightdetector.Theinstruments
arealsoequippedwithasensitiveluminescentcoatedspotthatisexposed
tothesample.
ThemeasuringLEDemitsapulseofbluelightwhichirradiatesthebackof
theoxygensensitivespot.Thecoatingmaterialreactswithluminescence
andemitsapulseofredlightwheretheintensityandtimedelayare
measured.
Whenoxygenispresentinthesamplewaterandcontactsthecoating,the
intensityandtimedelayoftheluminescentlightemissionarechanged.
Themoreoxygenmoleculescomeintocontactwiththecoating,thelower
theintensityandtheshorterthedurationoftheredradiation.These
changesintheprofilecurveareusedtodeterminethemeasurement.
Oxidationreductionpotential(ORP)isameasureofthetendencyofa
chemicalspeciestoacquireelectronsandtherebybereduced.Reduction
potentialismeasuredinvolts(V),ormillivolts(mV).
Resistivityisthereciprocalofconductivityandeithermaybeusedto
inexpensivelymonitortheionicpurityofwater.Resistivityorconductivity
ofwaterisameasureoftheabilityofthewatertoresistorconductan
electriccurrent.Theabilityofwatertoresistorconductanelectriccurrent
isdirectlyrelatedtotheamountofionicmaterial(salts)dissolvedinthe
water.
Totaldissolvedsolids(TDS)Dissolvedionicmaterialiscommonlyreferred
toastotaldissolvedsolidsorTDS.WaterwitharelativelyhighTDSwillhave
alowresistivityandahighconductivity.Theoppositeistrueforwaterwith
lowTDS.“Dissolvedsolids"refertoanyminerals,salts,metals,cationsor
anionsdissolvedinwater.Totaldissolvedsolids(TDS)compriseinorganic
salts(principallycalcium,magnesium,potassium,sodium,bicarbonates,
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chlorides,andsulfates)andsomesmallamountsoforganicmatterthatare
dissolvedinwater.
PhotosyntheticallyActiveRadiation(PAR)istheamountoflightavailable
forphotosynthesis,whichislightinthe400to700nanometerwavelength
range.PARchangesseasonallyandvariesdependingonthelatitudeand
timeofday.
Levelsaregreatestduringthesummeratmid-day.Factorsthatreducethe
amountofPARavailabletoplantsincludeanythingthatreducessunlight,
suchascloudcover,shadingbytrees,andbuildings.Airpollutionalso
affectsPARbyfilteringouttheamountofsunlightthatcanreachplants.
pHisameasureofhowacidic/basicwateris.Therangegoesfrom0-14,
with7beingneutral.pHsoflessthan7indicateacidity,whereasapHof
greaterthan7indicatesabase.pHisreallyameasureoftherelative
amountoffreehydrogenandhydroxylionsinthewater.
Chlorophyllaisanessentialmeasureoftheexistenceofphytoplankton.
Phytoplanktoncanbeusedasanindicatororganismforthehealthofa
particularbodyofwater.Monitoringchlorophylllevelsisadirectwayof
trackingalgalgrowth.Surfacewatersthathavehighchlorophyllconditions
aretypicallyhighinnutrients,generallyphosphorusandnitrogen.
Measurementsbythesensorarecomparedtograbsamplestakenduring
theseasontogetadirectcorrelationtocellularmassesinthewater.
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