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Chapter 6 New Empires in Iran and Greece, 2000 B.C.E.–651 C.E. p136 p137 The Rise of the Achaemenids in Iran, 1000–330 B.C.E. • Indo-Europeans migrated into western Iran ca. 1000 B.C.E. – Heartland of Iran is Persis, in the southwest • The Persian Empire was ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty, 550–330 B.C.E. – The empire stretched from Samarkand in the east to Egypt and Turkey in the west, the largest empire of its time, between 30 million and 35 million people. – Achaemenid Persian model of government was used widely and successfully. • The Greek historian Herodotus wrote an account of Darius’s rise to power. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. The Rise of the Achaemenids in Iran, 1000–330 B.C.E. • Zoroastrianism – Avesta is a book of Zoroastrianism, the religion of Persia. Also our main source for early Persian history. – Zarathustra believed in Ahura Mazda, the Lord of Truth, who created heaven and Earth, day and night, darkness and light. • Ahura Mazda also gave birth to twin spirits, one good and one evil. The good and evil spirits, deities, and demons, are in perpetual conflict. – Zarathustra believed that each person had to choose between good and evil. • He also believed that there will be a day of judgment in which Ahura Mazda will decide the fate of each person. • Choosing good means thinking good thoughts, doing good deeds, and telling the truth. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. The Rise of the Achaemenids in Iran, 1000–330 B.C.E. • The Military Success of the Persian Empire, 550–486 B.C.E. – Iran remained tribal until 612 B.C.E., when the Medes tribe captured the Assyrian capital – In 550 B.C.E., Persis tribe led by Cyrus defeated the Medes, established Achaemenid dynasty. – The Royal Road linked the Aegean coast with the capital at Susa. • Couriers could cover the 1600-mile Royal Road in less than twenty days. – Cyrus did not force conquered people to change their religions or cultures, made offerings to local gods. – Contact with Zoroastrianism may have introduced Jews to concepts of an afterlife and a devil. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. The Rise of the Achaemenids in Iran, 1000–330 B.C.E. • Darius’s Coup, 522 B.C.E. – Cyrus’s son Cambyses inherited the throne and continued his father’s conquests. – In 522 B.C.E., Darius and a group of rebels killed Gaumata, a pretender to the throne after Cambyses. – Darius married the daughter of Cyrus, Artystone, to emphasize his links to the Achaemenid dynasty, to which he was only distantly related. – Darius continued the Achaemenid expansion into Thrace and the Indus Valley. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. The Rise of the Achaemenids in Iran, 1000–330 B.C.E. • Darius's Administration – Darius reformed the Persian administration, tax system, and legal system. • Reform of the legal system involved appointing judges for life. • Darius divided the empire into provinces called satrapies. – Each province was governed by a satrap, chosen from the local populace. – Each satrap was required to collect a fixed amount of revenue each year. • The ritual center of Darius’s empire was Persepolis – Darius was succeeded by his son Xerxes in 486 B.C.E. who was killed by his younger son • Assassinations became common in the Achaemenid dynasty for a century. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. p143 Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean World, 2000–334 B.C.E. • Greek Expansion in the Mediterranean, 2000– 1200 B.C.E. – The earliest civilization in the Greek region was the Minoan. • In order to farm the area, they used irrigation channels, growing wheat, olives, and grapes in different regions. • The Minoans were located on the island of Crete, ca. 2000– 1500 B.C.E. • Their writing, Linear A, has not been translated. • the Minoans traded widely – Mycenaeans based at the city-state of Mycenae, ca. 1600–1200 B.C.E. • Wrote in Linear B, which was only deciphered in 1952. • If there was a real historic Trojan War as Homer described it, it was during the Mycenaean period. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean World, 2000–334 B.C.E. • The Phoenicians and the World’s First Alphabet – Phoenician homeland was in modern day Lebanon ca. 900 B.C.E. – Phoenicians invented a new system of writing, the alphabet. • The Phoenician alphabet had twenty-two letters. Each letter represented a consonant; there were no vowels. • The alphabet letters only depicted sounds; they were not pictorial symbols. – Phoenicians had established ports along the north coast of Africa, including Carthage by 814 B.C.E. • They also had ports along the southern coast of Spain. – Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet and their geographic knowledge. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean World, 2000–334 B.C.E. • The Rise of the Greek City-State, 800–500 B.C.E. – The polis, or city-state, emerged about 800 B.C.E. • Each polis was independent and had its own law codes, courts, and army. Each polis had a guardian deity and a temple dedicated to it within the city walls. – The Greeks believed in many gods, headed by Zeus and his wife Hera. – Greeks established over 250 city-states along the Mediterranean and Black Seas. • Greek colonies remained linked to the mother city by trade. • major trade items included olive oil, wine, pottery, and lumber. • Sparta and Athens Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean World, 2000–334 B.C.E. • The Greco-Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E. – Athenian army consisted of citizen-soldiers – Greek soldiers were called hoplites. Had better shields, stronger armor, and better formations than the Persians. Organized into units called phalanxes, eight men deep – Athens first defeated the Persians at Marathon in 490 B.C.E. – Xerxes assemblies a force so large he hopes Athens will surrender. • Instead, Athens and Sparta form an alliance. First ever coalition of Greek city-states • Held the Persians at Thermopylae, until the Persians found a hidden passage through the mountains • Persians eventually forced out of Greek territory Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean World, 2000–334 B.C.E. • Culture and Politics in Athens, 480–404 B.C.E. – During the fifth century, over 100 tragedies were written. Three great playwrights of this period: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. – In 478 B.C.E., Athens formed the Delian League, a group of city-states who wanted to drive the Persians from the Greek world. • Athens then used the Delian League funds to build up the Acropolis. The most important monument was the Parthenon, dedicated to Athena. – From 431–404 B.C.E., Sparta and Athens fought the Peloponnesian Wars over Delian League leadership. • Sparta defeated Athens, with the help of Persia in 404 B.C.E. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Ancient Greece and the Mediterranean World, 2000–334 B.C.E. • Athens as a Center for the Study of Philosophy – Greek philosophy began ca. 600 B.C.E. in Miletus, on the eastern Aegean. • Miletus school believed that the universe came from a single physical element. • First philosophers to propose a rational explanation rather than a divine one for the creation of the universe – Socrates, 469–399 B.C.E., stressed virtue, excellence – Plato, 429–347 B.C.E., wrote Dialogues, founded Academy – Aristotle, 384–322 B.C.E., was tutor to Alexander the Great. • Aristotle taught that conclusions had to be explained using logic, reasoning from one point to the next. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. p147 Map 6-1 p149 p152 p154 Alexander the Great and his Successors, 334 B.C.E.–30 B.C.E. • Philip and Alexander: from Macedon to Empire, 359–323 B.C.E. – Philip II, r. 359–336 B.C.E., made Macedon powerful • Philip reorganized the army into a professional force. • Alexander divided his army into two groups: infantry phalanxes and cavalry. – Philip II was assassinated in 336 B.C.E. – Alexander defeated the Persians in 331 B.C.E. • Alexander took over the Persian administration intact and adopted the satrapies. He also copied Achaemenid military, administration, and tax systems – Alexander’s army stopped at the Hyphasis River in India, 326 B.C.E. Began to march back to Babylon, where Alexander died in 323 B.C.E. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Alexander the Great and his Successors, 334 B.C.E.–30 B.C.E. • The Legacy of Alexander the Great – Alexander’s rule spread Hellenization. – Alexander’s empire was split into three sections, ruled by his generals. • Ptolemy took Egypt. • Antigonas took Greece and Macedon. • Selecus took Mesopotamia, Mediterranean coast, and satrapies to the Indus River Valley. – In Egypt, Alexander had founded a city called Alexandria in 332 B.C.E. • All texts that traveled to Alexandria were copied by the library. • In 240 B.C.E., Greek astronomer Eratosthenes was appointed librarian of Alexandria.. • He measured the circumference of the Earth, estimating it at 24,427 miles. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Map 6-2 p157 Figure 6-1 p161 The Parthians and the Sasanians, Heirs to the Persians, 247 B.C.E.–651 C.E. • Parthian empire, 247 B.C.E. - 224 C.E. – Zoroastrian but religiously tolerant – Famed mounted archers • Sassanian dynasty, 224 C.E.-651 C.E. – Persecuted new religions like Manicheanism and Christianity Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. p163 p164