* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Using gerund as object of prepositions
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
American Sign Language grammar wikipedia , lookup
Untranslatability wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin conjugation wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish verbs wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Continuous and progressive aspects wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish pronouns wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
German verbs wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
DEFINITION OF GERUND Gerund is a verb+ing form that is used as a noun . Because of its function as a noun , so the gerund can function as : Subject , Object of the Verbs and Object of prepositions and also complements. (taken from a handbook of English grammar written by Slamet Riyanto ) Gerund is the-ing form of a verb used as a noun (taken from understanding and using English grammar written by Betty Azar ) INTRODUCTION OF GERUND A gerund is used in the same ways as a noun (as subject or as an object ) a. Playing tennis is fun S V In that sentence , playing is a gerund . It is used as the subject of the sentence. Playing tennis is a gerund phrase b. We enjoy playing tennis S V O In that sentence , playing is a gerund used as the object of the verb enjoy c. He’s excited about playing tennis Prep O In that sentence , playing is a gerund used as the object of the preposition about A gerund can be followed by an object or complement and/ or by one or more adverbials . The gerund together with such phrase is a gerund clause . No one likes cleaning shoes Going on a holiday make me nervous The form of gerund looked the same with present participle which is including in verb . But, there is a difference between gerund and present participle. a. Swimming is good for you Berenang bagus untukmu b. He is swimming in the river Dia sedang berenang di sungai The first sentence is an example of gerund and the second example is an example of present participle . Present participle always followed by to be . Swimming in the first sentence is gerund because it’s function as a noun , not verb . ( taken from understanding and using English grammar written by Betty Azar and ABC plus English grammar written by Andrew Mccarthy and Rudi Haryono ) Because of its function as a noun, there are many options for using gerund . 1. Using gerund as a subject of the sentence Gerund as a subject can be followed by object or not . Writing letters can be enjoyable ( with object ) Menulis surat bisa jadi menyenangkan Writing is important thing in English class (without object ) Menulis adalah hal yang penting di kelas bhs. Inggris Example : a. Swimming once a week can make us healthy Berenang seminggu sekali dapat membuat kita sehat b. Having good education can be a future capital Memperoleh pendidikan yang baik dapat menjadi modal masa depan c. Reading a lot is a must for every student Banyak Membaca adalah suatu keharusan bagi setiap pelajar d. Being a nurse is her ambition Menjadi dokter adalah cita-citanya e. Choosing the colour won’t be easy Memilih warna tidak akan mudah 2. Using gerund as object of certain verbs We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the infinitive form, for example: I want to eat. But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example: I dislike eating. Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive form without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start I like to play tennis. I like playing tennis. It started to rain. It started raining. These are some verbs that usually followed by gerund Admit Begin Discuss Hate Love Practice Regret Stop Advise can't help Dislike hesitate mention Prefer remember suggest anticipate complete Enjoy Imagine Mind Quit Resent threaten appreciate consider Finish intend Miss Recall Resist tolerate attempt delay forget keep neglect recollect risk try Example : a. Admit (mengaku) Khrisna admitted keeping secret documents b. Appreciate ( menghargai) We all appreciate your coming to this event c. Avoid ( menghindari ) Grance avoids tommy’s coming to the party d. Deny ( menolak ) The man denies selling drugs e. Escape ( lepas/lolos) The prisoners manage to escaped being shot death f. Mind ( keberatan) Would you mind opening the door , please ? g. Practice ( praktek ) Let’s practice speaking English on Wednesday avoid deny go like postpone recommend Understand start 3. Using gerund as object of prepositions How to form : preposition + v1 +ing A gerund is frequently used as the object of a preposition a. Armiati is good at designing house Armiati pandai mendesain rumah b. Justin is interested in learning Indonesian culture Justin tertarik mempelajari budaya Indonesia c. Nabila is clever at making new patterns of fashion Nabila pandai membuat pola-pola model baju d. He succeded in moving the piano Ia (lk) berhasil memindahkan piano (Taken from handbook of grammar by Slamet Riyanto ) Preposition to can be followed by gerund , but in this case it is not a part of infinitive form. a. I’m used to sleeping with the window open Aku terbiasa tidur dengan jendela yang terbuka b. I’m accustomed to sleeping with the window open Aku terbiasa tidur dengan jendela yang terbuka c. I look forward to going home next month Aku berharap bisa pulang ke rumah bulan depan (taken from understanding and using English grammar written by Betty Azar) 4. As predicate complements How to form : s+ tobe + gerund Her hobby is gardening Hobinya berkebun Ocha’s favourite subject is writing Pelajaran favorit ocha adalah menulis The gerund clause can also be a complement after be My favourite activity is watching western films Kegiatan favoritku adalah menonton film barat 5. Using gerund as modifiers of a noun Gerund as modifiers of a noun can be described as tool or place , just like swimming pool, drawing book, racing car , parking area ,etc . How to form : v1 ing +noun a. The waiting room is full of person Kamar tunggu penuh dengan orang-orang b. The working condition is far from ideal Kondisi tempat kerjanya jauh dari ideal c. The swimming pool is being renovated Kolam renang sedang direnovasi 6. Using gerunds with their subjects a. Tari’s singing is very good Nyanyian Tari sangat bagus b. Ade was angry at Rama’s trying to lie her Ade marah pada Rama yang mencoba membohonginya c. Ocha’s drawing was very awesome Gambaran Ocha sangat hebat 7. Using Gerunds in Passive Sense We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the gerund has a passive sense. I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed) This letter requires signing. (needs to be signed) The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted) 8. Gerund with object a) Direct Object For example: He is clever at teaching mathematics (mathematics = direct object) b) Indirect Object For example: He is clever at mathematics teaching us (us = indirect object) c) The object will be retained in the passive voice For example: She is pleased at being taught mathematics d) The object, which means similar to the verb itself For example: She is proud of having sung a fine song e) The object of reflexive For example: She is in the habit of oversleeping Herself 9. Gerund with genitive Noun or pronoun, provided that indicates a person or animal, should be in the genitive case, if the noun or pronoun is placed in front of the gerund. Example: I am pleased at your coming Note: a) The use of gerund is preceded by a noun or pronoun that follows genitive is sometimes occur: Example: This was a creative work of my doing b) Sometimes the letter "a" is placed in front of the gerund in the sense of the preposition. Here "a" represents a change or abbreviation of the preposition on: Example: The man has gone a-hunting He has gone a-fishing 10. Which has the form -ing, in addition to gerund, present participle and there is still the original noun, we must distinguish clearly. a) A sleeping carriage (a carriage Used for sleeping), sleeping is a gerund here b) A sleeping child (a child That Is sleeping), here is a present participle sleeping that is used as an adjective c) Rising early is good for health, rising here is a verb that described early adverb, a gerund functioning as the subject. d) Early rising is good for health, here described by the adjective rising early, thus rising the part of speech and is the original noun. 11. Gerund in the present perfect form. Example: He regrets having done so (he regrets That he has done or did so) He regretted having done so (he regretted That Had he done so) Gerund and not-infinitive should be used: a) After a preposition or prepositional phrase: Without, etc + gerund Example: Do your work without speaking. Look forward to + gerund Example: I look forward to seeing you soon. Instead of, etc + gerund Example: You Had much better work instead of idling away your time. b) After the words that are still using a preposition: Fond of + gerund Example: He is always fond of hunting. He always liked hunting Insist on + gerund Example: He insisted on going to the Holy. He insisted to go to the Holy Object to + gerund Example: I object to smoking. My objection to smoking Prevent from + gerund Example: I was prevented from going Because of illness. I blocked out because of illness Succeed in + gerund Example: He succeeded in solving the problem. Think of + gerund Example: Often I think of going to France. I often intend to go to France Tired of + gerund Example: I'm tired of eating foreign food every day. Used to + gerund Example: I'm used to getting up early. c) After the words of certain work Avoid + gerund Example: We can not avoid making mistakes. Can not bear + gerund Example: He can not bear being laughed at. Can not help + gerund Example: I can not help laughing. Note 1: Can not help and can not but have the same meaning can not resist, but its usage is different. Can not help but be followed by a gerund can not but be followed by the infinitive without to. For example: I can not but laugh Can not stand + gerund Example: She can not stand being laughed at. Delay + gerund Example: I delayed answering you owing to pressure of work. Enjoy + gerund Example: He enjoys playing a game of football. Note 2: Verbs meaning "to like" or "to Dislike" may be followed by infinitive or gerund. Example: He likes reading English literature (he likes to read English literature). She dislikes swimming (she dislike to swim). Escape + gerund Example: He narrowly escaped drowning. Finish + gerund Example: I have not finished speaking. I have not finished talking Note 3: The verb meaning "to begin" followed by the infinitive or gerund Go on (= continue) gerund Example: The rain Went on falling all night. Keep (on) gerund Example: He was kept waiting a long time, but he kept his temper. Mind (= object to) gerund Example: Would you mind shutting the window? Miss + gerund Example: He narrowly missed getting killed. Postpone + gerund Example: I shall postpone writing till I learn the full particulars. Remember + gerund Example: I remember meeting you at the theater. Stop + gerund Example: My watch stopped ticking. Understand + gerund Example: He understands managing his business. d) After the words of a certain nature Busy + gerund Example: I am busy writing letters. Worth + gerund Example: This book is worth reading. e) After certain phrases It is no use + gerund Example: It's no use begging like a beggar. It is no good + gerund Example: It's no good getting angry at once. There is no + gerund Example: There's no getting around it. There is no harm in + gerund Example: There's no harm in Trying. Have the pleasure of + gerund Example: I had the pleasure of meeting uterus. Take pleasure in + gerund Example: He takes pleasure in visiting the sick. To be Interested in + gerund Example: He was Interested in learning more about my work. To be ashamed of + gerund Example: The girl was ashamed of having been beaten in class by her brother. 12. Gerund used on board sign that declared a ban, that is, after no Example: No, talking! hush! No, passing! prohibited from passing! No, smoking! no smoking! No, spitting! forbidden to spit! etc. Used in the expression Example: Seeing is Believing. D. Gerund kind of abstract noun Gerund is actually a kind of abstract nouns and has the same meaning as an abstract noun or noun infinitive, such as: Gerund: Sleeping is Necessary to health Abstract Noun: Sleep is Necessary to health Noun infinitive: To Sleep is Necessary to health The three sentences above all means the same thing that is necessary for healthy sleep. (The whole material were the resource persons taken from: http://englishtutorial.co.cc/?p=10) Preposition + Gerund A. We sometimes use a gerund after a preposition. Kadang-kadang kita menggunakan sebuah gerund setelah sebuah preposition Example: I drove all the way without stopping Aku menyetir tanpa berhenti We cannot use a to-infinitive or a that-clause here. Kita tidak bisa menggunakan sebuah to-infinitive or sebuah that-clause Incorrect: I drove all the way without to stop Incorrect: I drove all the way without I stopped We can use gerund after this preposition: Kita bisa menggunakan gerund setelah preposition berikut 1. After, example : after reading book, I got more knowledge 2. Before, example : please turn off the light before leaving 3. For, example : thank you for coming 4. Instead of, example : instead of landing at Headrow, we had to go to Manchester B. Here are some more examples . I got there by hitching a lift Instead of landing at Heathrow , we had to go to Manchester Please turn off the light before leaving The drug was finally approved for sale after being tested We can use a gerund after these prepositions : after , against , as a result of, as for, as well as, because of,before, besides, by, by means of, despite, far from,for, from, how/ what about, in,in addition to , in favour of , in spite of, in the process of, instead of , on, on account of , on the point of, since . through , with , without C. With most of these prepositions, gerund can have a subject. Beberapa preposition, gerund bisa mempunyai a subjek Example: The picture was hung upside down without anyone noticing D. On and in have special meanings , in this pattern Example: on turning the corner, I saw a most unexpected sight( as soon as I had turned the corner ….) E. We can use for +gerund to explain the use or purpose of something. Example: these pages are for making notes F. We can also use a gerund after than, as, and, like expressing comparison. Example: a holiday is nicer than sitting at a desk walking is good for you, but not as good as swimming getting information from the company is like getting blood out of the stone Combination + Gerund A. Verb + preposition We can use a gerund after a prepositional verb such as think of or insist on Example : I’ m thinking of selling my car Paul insist on getting there early They apologized for making a mess B. Verb + Object + Preposition We can use a gerund after a verb + object + preposition Please forgive me for interrupting A man saved the child from drowning Other verbs in this pattern include : Accuse …of, arrest ….for, blame ….for , congratulate …on, criticize..for , discourage … from, forgive …for, involve …in, keep…from, remind..of . C. Adjective + preposition A gerund can follow an adective + preposition Lucy is keen on riding I’m nervous of saying the wrong thing Other adjectives include : afraid of , anxious about , aware of , bad at , bored with , capable of, engaged in , famous for, fed up with , fond of, good at gilty of , worried about . D. Noun + preposition A gerund can follow a noun + preposition What’s your excuse for being late It’s a question of getting organized Of is the most common preposition in this pattern . we can use it with ai , chance , danger , effect , experience , fact , fear , habit ,hope , idea, intention , job, point, possibility , problem, purpose, risk . Determiner + Gerund A. We can sometimes put a determiner such as the before a gerund . Nancy likes her new ob , but the driving makes her tired Compare the two sentences Driving makes her tired (all driving , driving in general ) The driving makes her tired (the driving she does in her job ) The + gerund is specific rather than general We use do the + gerund for some types of work , especially routine housework. I usually do the cleaning at weekends Someone does the gardening for us B. As well as the , we can use this , that , some, no , a lot of , a little , a bit of and much . This arguing gets on my nerves I might do some fishing at the weekend No parking ( parking is not allowed ) Luckily there isn’t much ironing to do