Download Using gerund as object of prepositions

DEFINITION OF GERUND
Gerund is a verb+ing form that is used as a noun . Because of its function as a noun , so the
gerund can function as : Subject , Object of the Verbs and Object of prepositions and also
complements. (taken from a handbook of English grammar written by Slamet Riyanto )
Gerund is the-ing form of a verb used as a noun (taken from understanding and using English
grammar written by Betty Azar )
INTRODUCTION OF GERUND
A gerund is used in the same ways as a noun (as subject or as an object )
a. Playing tennis is fun
S
V
In that sentence , playing is a gerund . It is used as the subject of the sentence. Playing
tennis is a gerund phrase
b. We enjoy playing tennis
S
V
O
In that sentence , playing is a gerund used as the object of the verb enjoy
c. He’s excited about playing tennis
Prep O
In that sentence , playing is a gerund used as the object of the preposition about
A gerund can be followed by an object or complement and/ or by one or more
adverbials . The gerund together with such phrase is a gerund clause .
No one likes cleaning shoes
Going on a holiday make me nervous
The form of gerund looked the same with present participle which is including in verb . But,
there is a difference between gerund and present participle.
a. Swimming is good for you
Berenang bagus untukmu
b. He is swimming in the river
Dia sedang berenang di sungai
The first sentence is an example of gerund and the second example is an example of
present participle . Present participle always followed by to be . Swimming in the first
sentence is gerund because it’s function as a noun , not verb .
( taken from understanding and using English grammar written by Betty Azar and ABC plus
English grammar written by Andrew Mccarthy and Rudi Haryono )
Because of its function as a noun, there are many options for using gerund .
1. Using gerund as a subject of the sentence
Gerund as a subject can be followed by object or not .
Writing letters can be enjoyable ( with object )
Menulis surat bisa jadi menyenangkan
Writing is important thing in English class (without object )
Menulis adalah hal yang penting di kelas bhs. Inggris
Example :
a. Swimming once a week can make us healthy
Berenang seminggu sekali dapat membuat kita sehat
b. Having good education can be a future capital
Memperoleh pendidikan yang baik dapat menjadi modal masa depan
c. Reading a lot is a must for every student
Banyak Membaca adalah suatu keharusan bagi setiap pelajar
d. Being a nurse is her ambition
Menjadi dokter adalah cita-citanya
e. Choosing the colour won’t be easy
Memilih warna tidak akan mudah
2. Using gerund as object of certain verbs
We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the second verb is in the infinitive form,
for example:

I want to eat.
But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for example:

I dislike eating.
Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive form without a big change in
meaning: begin, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start




I like to play tennis.
I like playing tennis.
It started to rain.
It started raining.
These are some verbs that usually followed by gerund
Admit
Begin
Discuss
Hate
Love
Practice
Regret
Stop
Advise
can't help
Dislike
hesitate
mention
Prefer
remember
suggest
anticipate
complete
Enjoy
Imagine
Mind
Quit
Resent
threaten
appreciate
consider
Finish
intend
Miss
Recall
Resist
tolerate
attempt
delay
forget
keep
neglect
recollect
risk
try
Example :
a. Admit (mengaku)
Khrisna admitted keeping secret documents
b. Appreciate ( menghargai)
We all appreciate your coming to this event
c. Avoid ( menghindari )
Grance avoids tommy’s coming to the party
d. Deny ( menolak )
The man denies selling drugs
e. Escape ( lepas/lolos)
The prisoners manage to escaped being shot death
f. Mind ( keberatan)
Would you mind opening the door , please ?
g. Practice ( praktek )
Let’s practice speaking English on Wednesday
avoid
deny
go
like
postpone
recommend
Understand
start
3. Using gerund as object of prepositions
How to form : preposition + v1 +ing
A gerund is frequently used as the object of a preposition
a. Armiati is good at designing house
Armiati pandai mendesain rumah
b. Justin is interested in learning Indonesian culture
Justin tertarik mempelajari budaya Indonesia
c. Nabila is clever at making new patterns of fashion
Nabila pandai membuat pola-pola model baju
d. He succeded in moving the piano
Ia (lk) berhasil memindahkan piano
(Taken from handbook of grammar by Slamet Riyanto )
Preposition to can be followed by gerund , but in this case it is not a part of infinitive
form.
a.
I’m used to sleeping with the window open
Aku terbiasa tidur dengan jendela yang terbuka
b. I’m accustomed to sleeping with the window open
Aku terbiasa tidur dengan jendela yang terbuka
c. I look forward to going home next month
Aku berharap bisa pulang ke rumah bulan depan
(taken from understanding and using English grammar written by Betty Azar)
4. As predicate complements
How to form : s+ tobe + gerund


Her hobby is gardening
Hobinya berkebun
Ocha’s favourite subject is writing
Pelajaran favorit ocha adalah menulis
The gerund clause can also be a complement after be

My favourite activity is watching western films
Kegiatan favoritku adalah menonton film barat
5. Using gerund as modifiers of a noun
Gerund as modifiers of a noun can be described as tool or place , just like swimming pool,
drawing book, racing car , parking area ,etc .
How to form : v1 ing +noun
a. The waiting room is full of person
Kamar tunggu penuh dengan orang-orang
b. The working condition is far from ideal
Kondisi tempat kerjanya jauh dari ideal
c. The swimming pool is being renovated
Kolam renang sedang direnovasi
6. Using gerunds with their subjects
a. Tari’s singing is very good
Nyanyian Tari sangat bagus
b. Ade was angry at Rama’s trying to lie her
Ade marah pada Rama yang mencoba membohonginya
c. Ocha’s drawing was very awesome
Gambaran Ocha sangat hebat
7. Using Gerunds in Passive Sense
We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In this case, the gerund has a
passive sense.



I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed)
This letter requires signing. (needs to be signed)
The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted)
8. Gerund with object
a) Direct Object
For example: He is clever at teaching mathematics (mathematics = direct object)
b) Indirect Object
For example: He is clever at mathematics teaching us (us = indirect object)
c) The object will be retained in the passive voice
For example: She is pleased at being taught mathematics
d) The object, which means similar to the verb itself
For example: She is proud of having sung a fine song
e) The object of reflexive
For example: She is in the habit of oversleeping Herself
9. Gerund with genitive
Noun or pronoun, provided that indicates a person or animal, should be in the genitive
case, if the noun or pronoun is placed in front of the gerund.
Example: I am pleased at your coming
Note:
a) The use of gerund is preceded by a noun or pronoun that follows genitive is sometimes
occur:
Example: This was a creative work of my doing
b) Sometimes the letter "a" is placed in front of the gerund in the sense of the preposition.
Here "a" represents a change or abbreviation of the preposition on:
Example:
The man has gone a-hunting
He has gone a-fishing
10. Which has the form -ing, in addition to gerund, present participle and there is still
the original noun, we must distinguish clearly.
a) A sleeping carriage (a carriage Used for sleeping), sleeping is a gerund here
b) A sleeping child (a child That Is sleeping), here is a present participle sleeping that is used
as an adjective
c) Rising early is good for health, rising here is a verb that described early adverb, a gerund
functioning as the subject.
d) Early rising is good for health, here described by the adjective rising early, thus rising the
part of speech and is the original noun.
11. Gerund in the present perfect form.
Example:
He regrets having done so (he regrets That he has done or did so)
He regretted having done so (he regretted That Had he done so)
Gerund and not-infinitive should be used:
a) After a preposition or prepositional phrase:
Without, etc + gerund
Example: Do your work without speaking.
Look forward to + gerund
Example: I look forward to seeing you soon.
Instead of, etc + gerund
Example: You Had much better work instead of idling away your time.
b) After the words that are still using a preposition:
Fond of + gerund
Example: He is always fond of hunting. He always liked hunting
Insist on + gerund
Example: He insisted on going to the Holy. He insisted to go to the Holy
Object to + gerund
Example: I object to smoking. My objection to smoking
Prevent from + gerund
Example: I was prevented from going Because of illness. I blocked out because of illness
Succeed in + gerund
Example: He succeeded in solving the problem.
Think of + gerund
Example: Often I think of going to France. I often intend to go to France
Tired of + gerund
Example: I'm tired of eating foreign food every day.
Used to + gerund
Example: I'm used to getting up early.
c) After the words of certain work
Avoid + gerund
Example: We can not avoid making mistakes.
Can not bear + gerund
Example: He can not bear being laughed at.
Can not help + gerund
Example: I can not help laughing.
Note 1:
Can not help and can not but have the same meaning can not resist, but its usage is different.
Can not help but be followed by a gerund can not but be followed by the infinitive without
to.
For example:
I can not but laugh
Can not stand + gerund
Example: She can not stand being laughed at.
Delay + gerund
Example: I delayed answering you owing to pressure of work.
Enjoy + gerund
Example: He enjoys playing a game of football.
Note 2:
Verbs meaning "to like" or "to Dislike" may be followed by infinitive or gerund.
Example:
He likes reading English literature (he likes to read English literature).
She dislikes swimming (she dislike to swim).
Escape + gerund
Example: He narrowly escaped drowning.
Finish + gerund
Example: I have not finished speaking. I have not finished talking
Note 3:
The verb meaning "to begin" followed by the infinitive or gerund
Go on (= continue) gerund
Example: The rain Went on falling all night.
Keep (on) gerund
Example: He was kept waiting a long time, but he kept his temper.
Mind (= object to) gerund
Example: Would you mind shutting the window?
Miss + gerund
Example: He narrowly missed getting killed.
Postpone + gerund
Example: I shall postpone writing till I learn the full particulars.
Remember + gerund
Example: I remember meeting you at the theater.
Stop + gerund
Example: My watch stopped ticking.
Understand + gerund
Example: He understands managing his business.
d) After the words of a certain nature
Busy + gerund
Example: I am busy writing letters.
Worth + gerund
Example: This book is worth reading.
e) After certain phrases
It is no use + gerund
Example: It's no use begging like a beggar.
It is no good + gerund
Example: It's no good getting angry at once.
There is no + gerund
Example: There's no getting around it.
There is no harm in + gerund
Example: There's no harm in Trying.
Have the pleasure of + gerund
Example: I had the pleasure of meeting uterus.
Take pleasure in + gerund
Example: He takes pleasure in visiting the sick.
To be Interested in + gerund
Example: He was Interested in learning more about my work.
To be ashamed of + gerund
Example: The girl was ashamed of having been beaten in class by her brother.
12. Gerund used on board sign that declared a ban, that is, after no
Example:
No, talking! hush!
No, passing! prohibited from passing!
No, smoking! no smoking!
No, spitting! forbidden to spit! etc.
Used in the expression
Example: Seeing is Believing.
D. Gerund kind of abstract noun
Gerund is actually a kind of abstract nouns and has the same meaning as an abstract noun or
noun infinitive, such as:
Gerund: Sleeping is Necessary to health
Abstract Noun: Sleep is Necessary to health
Noun infinitive: To Sleep is Necessary to health
The three sentences above all means the same thing that is necessary for healthy sleep. (The
whole material were the resource persons taken from: http://englishtutorial.co.cc/?p=10)
Preposition + Gerund
A. We sometimes use a gerund after a preposition.
Kadang-kadang kita menggunakan sebuah gerund setelah sebuah preposition
Example:
I drove all the way without stopping
Aku menyetir tanpa berhenti
We cannot use a to-infinitive or a that-clause here.
Kita tidak bisa menggunakan sebuah to-infinitive or sebuah that-clause
Incorrect:
I drove all the way without to stop
Incorrect:
I drove all the way without I stopped
We can use gerund after this preposition:
Kita bisa menggunakan gerund setelah preposition berikut
1. After, example : after reading book, I got more knowledge
2. Before, example : please turn off the light before leaving
3. For, example : thank you for coming
4. Instead of, example : instead of landing at Headrow, we had to go to Manchester
B. Here are some more examples .
I got there by hitching a lift
Instead of landing at Heathrow , we had to go to Manchester
Please turn off the light before leaving
The drug was finally approved for sale after being tested
We can use a gerund after these prepositions : after , against , as a result of, as for, as
well as, because of,before, besides, by, by means of, despite, far from,for, from, how/
what about, in,in addition to , in favour of , in spite of, in the process of, instead of , on,
on account of , on the point of, since . through , with , without
C. With most of these prepositions, gerund can have a subject.
Beberapa preposition, gerund bisa mempunyai a subjek
Example:
The picture was hung upside down without anyone noticing
D. On and in have special meanings , in this pattern
Example: on turning the corner, I saw a most unexpected sight( as soon as I had turned
the corner ….)
E. We can use for +gerund to explain the use or purpose of something.
Example: these pages are for making notes
F. We can also use a gerund after than, as, and, like expressing comparison.
Example:
 a holiday is nicer than sitting at a desk
 walking is good for you, but not as good as swimming
 getting information from the company is like getting blood out of the
stone
Combination + Gerund
A. Verb + preposition
We can use a gerund after a prepositional verb such as think of or insist on
Example :
I’ m thinking of selling my car
Paul insist on getting there early
They apologized for making a mess
B. Verb + Object + Preposition
We can use a gerund after a verb + object + preposition
Please forgive me for interrupting
A man saved the child from drowning
Other verbs in this pattern include :
Accuse …of, arrest ….for, blame ….for , congratulate …on, criticize..for ,
discourage … from, forgive …for, involve …in, keep…from, remind..of .
C. Adjective + preposition
A gerund can follow an adective + preposition
Lucy is keen on riding
I’m nervous of saying the wrong thing
Other adjectives include : afraid of , anxious about , aware of , bad at , bored
with , capable of, engaged in , famous for, fed up with , fond of, good at gilty of ,
worried about .
D. Noun + preposition
A gerund can follow a noun + preposition
What’s your excuse for being late
It’s a question of getting organized
Of is the most common preposition in this pattern . we can use it with ai , chance
, danger , effect , experience , fact , fear , habit ,hope , idea, intention , job, point,
possibility , problem, purpose, risk .
Determiner + Gerund
A. We can sometimes put a determiner such as the before a gerund .
Nancy likes her new ob , but the driving makes her tired
Compare the two sentences
Driving makes her tired
(all driving , driving in general )
The driving makes her tired
(the driving she does in her job )
The + gerund is specific rather than general
We use do the + gerund for some types of work , especially routine housework.
I usually do the cleaning at weekends
Someone does the gardening for us
B. As well as the , we can use this , that , some, no , a lot of , a little , a bit of and much .
This arguing gets on my nerves
I might do some fishing at the weekend
No parking ( parking is not allowed )
Luckily there isn’t much ironing to do