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The Civil War Begins 7 southernmost states form the Confederate States of America ◦ Began to take over federal institutions (courthouses, posts offices, forts, etc.) ◦ Only 2 Southern forts remain in Union hands at the time of Lincoln’s inauguration -> most important was South Carolina’s Fort Sumter Day after inauguration Lincoln gets report that Confederacy asking the troops at Fort Sumter to surrender or they will attack ◦ Troops stationed there already low on supplies and food Stars and Stripes vs. Stars and Bars If he ordered Navy to reinforce the fort he would be the one who started the fighting ◦ Could prompt remaining slave states to secede If he ordered a retreat he would be treating the Confederacy as an actual nation ◦ Weaken the Rep. Party and endanger the Union Lincoln’s Dilemma Lincoln decides not to retreat but also does not send reinforcements. Jefferson Davis now faces the same dilemma Confederates open fire on Fort Sumter As a result thousands of Northern men unite to enlist in the Union army Virginia secedes -> does not want to fight the South ◦ Followed by Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina (now 11 states) ◦ Western counties of Virginia anti-slavery Secede from Virginia and admitted as West Virginia in 1863 It Begins Both sides expected a short war Union has advantages ◦ Resources, more fighting power, more factories, more food, and better RxR system Confederate advantages ◦ Cotton profits, first-rate generals, strong military tradition, motivated soldiers defending their homeland Short War? Union -> 3 part plan (Anaconda Plan) ◦ Navy would blockade Southern ports ◦ Riverboats and armies would move down Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two ◦ Armies would capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, VA Confederacy -> very defensive strategy with survival of the nation as it’s goal Different Strategies First major bloodshed of the Civil War 30,000 Union soldiers make its way toward Richmond ◦ Came across Confederate Army at Bull Run General Irvin McDowell vs General Thomas Jackson ◦ Jackson and the confederates hold strong giving the nickname Stonewall Jackson ◦ South wins first major battle Bull Run Lincoln responds to defeat by calling for the enlistment of 500k men ◦ Same thing days later (500k more) ◦ Appoints General George McClellan to lead Trains his men who become known as Army of the Potomac Western Union forces began fight for Miss. Rvr. 1862 Union army invades Western Tennessee under General Ulysses S. Grant ◦ Capture Fort Henry and Donelson Union Armies in the West Grant gathers his troops at Church in Shiloh Union forces surprised by Confederate attack Grant calls for reinforcements the next day and pushes the Confederates to retreat ◦ South realizes Union control of the Miss. Rvr. might actually happen Grant pushes toward Miss. Rvr. ◦ Met by David Farragut and 40 Union ships Want to capture Louisiana -> largest city and busiest port Hopes to cut Western South off from rest of South Shiloh Ironclad ◦ Ship that was very strong and agile ◦ Monitor (North) vs. Merrimack (South) Battle became a draw New Weapons ◦ Rifle and minie ball ◦ Primitive hand grenades and land mines Warfare Evolves North tightens blockade on Southern ports Gen. McClellan becomes problem (too cautious) ◦ Would not attack Richmond until he had 120k men McClellan finally marches on Richmond in the spring of 1862 ◦ Met Confederate troops, killed their general, passed reigns to Robert E. Lee Lee was opposed to secession but turned down Northern offer and pledged allegiance to VA Seven Days’ Battles ◦ Lee vs. McClellan to stop him from reaching Richmond Lee ends up winning and forcing Union troops to retreat War for the Capitals Lee moves on Union Capital ◦ Won second battle of Bull Run ◦ Crossed into Marlyand Union finds plans from Gen. Lee ◦ Lee and Jackson’s armies would be seperated McClellan acts agresively ◦ Meet at Antietam and becomes the bloodiest single day battle in American history Antietam Politics of War South hoped Britain would help them during the war ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ They were no longer dependent on Southern cotton Found new cotton in Egypt and India Shortage of wheat -> relied on North for this Britain decides to remain neutral The Trent Affair ◦ Confederates send James Mason and John Slidell to gain British and French support in the war ◦ Union ship captures the two men Britain threatens war – sends 8k troops to Canada Lincoln frees the two men (1 war at a time) Britain’s Stance Was winning the war enough if slavery was not ended? Lincoln does not feel that government has power to end slavery ◦ “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery” Confederates used slave labor for food and building of forts ◦ Lincoln realized that slaves were technically Confederate “supplies” ◦ Emancipation would gain Britain’s support Emancipation Jan. 1, 1863 -> Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation ◦ Quote pg. 347 ◦ Applied to areas behind Confederate lines Did not free any slaves immediately Aimed solely at states in rebellion (not Union slave states or areas in South under Union control) Proclamation makes war moral – Fight over slavery ◦ Slaves could now fight in the Union army ◦ Northerners want to preserve the Union ◦ Democrats say this will only prolong the war Confederates now know that a loss would result in no more slaves and their way of life The Proclamation Divided loyalty – Northerners for the South and Southerners for the North ◦ How should the respective governments handle their critics? ◦ How could they ensure a steady supply of fighting men for their armies? Lincoln responds with punishment ◦ Sending federal troops and suspending Habeas Corpus (bringing a person to court) ◦ Seized communication buildings ◦ Northern Democrats who advocate peace with South also arrested (Copperheads) Jefferson Davis does the same in the South Political Problems A draft that would force members into the army ◦ Both sides enact a draft Confederates – all able-bodied white men between ages of 18 – 35 ◦ Could hire substitutes ◦ Exempted planters of 20 or more slaves Union – white men 20 – 45 ◦ Could hire substitutes ◦ Pay $300 to become exempt Conscription Poor Union people thought it was unfair to fight a war to free slaves ◦ Why? Mobs begin to form ◦ Destroyed draft offices, newspaper offices, and homes of anti-slavery leaders ◦ Attacked well dressed men and African Americans ◦ Results in 100+ dead Draft Response The North Takes Charge South defeat the North at Chancellorsville, VA ◦ Union gains an advantage Stonewall Jackson shot upon his return (mistake) and dies from pneumonia ◦ Gen. Lee decides to invade the North anyway Hope to drive Union troops away from Vicksburg so he could get well-needed supplies Also wanted to win a battle on Union soil A Sticky Situation for the South Gettysburg, PA Shoeless troops hear there is footwear in Gettysburg ◦ Go to find it and meet up with Gen. Lee’s forces Rebels run into Union troops led by John Buford ◦ Ordered his men to take defense on the hills and ridges surrounding the town ◦ Fighting attracts more soldiers from both sides ◦ South forces the Union troops to retreat and takes control of the town itself Gettysburg South now had to take high ground of Gettysburg from North at Cemetery Ridge ◦ Lee orders Rebel forces towards the ridge on July 2nd ◦ Colonel Joshua Chamberlain helps push back Rebel forces Run out of ammo and men so he orders a bayonet charge Rebels surrender and held their lines Lee still optimistic ◦ Orders artillery attack on July 3rd Sends Gen. Pickett to charge the high ground (Pickett’s Charge) ◦ Rebel troops then move forward and met by Union artillery Union troops hold off the high ground attack ◦ Lee sends troops to flank but they also were stalled North goes on the counterattack Rebels retreat and Lee gives up attacking the North on their own soil 30% casualties Union losses were 23,000 killed or wounded South losses were 28,000 Killed or wounded The Result Gen. Ulysses S. Grant continues fighting in the West Vicksburg, Mississippi was one of only 2 Confederate holdout preventing the Union from taking control of the Miss. Rvr. ◦ Grant sends troops to attack RxR’s and draw attention away from the city ◦ Sends troops into city and take over Jackson, Miss. Troops move from Jackson to Vicksburg and are held 2 different times ◦ Finally send artillery attack and force all people in the city into caves ◦ “If you can’t feed us, you’d better surrender” ◦ Rebels surrender and days later Hudson, LA falls -> finally cuts the Confederacy into 2 parts Vicksburg Nov. 1863 -> ceremony held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg Abraham Lincoln speaks for a little over 2 minutes Pg. 361 Gettysburg Address South running very low on supplies and men after Vicksburg and Gettysburg ◦ Know they cannot continue to attack ◦ Hope for armistice (cease-fire) rather than surrender ◦ South begins to call for an end to the war Lincoln finds 2 generals to continue to fight ◦ Worsens to moral of the South ◦ Southern soldiers begin to go home (have to) ◦ In every Southern state but S.C. soldiers beginning to fight for the Union army ◦ Peace rallies begin to pop up in almost all Southern states Confederacy Becomes Tired Appointed commander of all troops by Lincoln ◦ Appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of troops in Mississippi ◦ Both believe in total war (on civilians as well) Civilians made the weapons, grew the food, and transported the goods Grant wants to attack Lee’s army in VA while Sherman does so in GA ◦ Grant able to lose men and Lee not able to ◦ Many battles fought -> Grant becomes known in the South as a butcher ◦ “Whatever happens, there will be no turning back” Ulysses S. Grant at His Best Sherman's troops occupy the transportation center of Atlanta ◦ South decides to flank him and cut of supply lines ◦ Sherman decides to abandon his supplies and marches southeast through GA ◦ Take out Savannah, GA and turn North to help Grant “wipe out Lee” ◦ Added 25k slaves looking for freedom ◦ March into S.C. “Here is where treason began and, by God, here is where it shall end” By the time they get to N.C. they anticipate the end of war and begin to hand out food and other supplies to the civilians Sherman’s March Lincoln vs. George McClellan ◦ Democrats upset with the war’s length and high casualty rates ◦ Confederate South chooses John Fremont ◦ Andrew Johnson becomes Lincoln’s running mate Fremont withdrawals after hearing that Atlanta was under Union control Lincoln wins second term Election of 1864 Grant and other troops approaching Richmond from the west ◦ Sherman from the south News of Lee’s troops falling at Petersburg, VA Lee and Grant meet to arrange surrender on April 9, 1865 in Appomattox Court House (VA) The terms: ◦ Jefferson Davis leaves capital and burns it ◦ Grant paroled Lee’s soldiers and sent them home with their possessions and food ◦ Officers were permitted to keep their side arms Surrender at Appomattox Politics of Reconstruction Differing Ideas Reconstruction = period of rebuilding post Civil War and readmit the Confederate states Lincoln’s 10% Plan ◦ Believed Confederate states never left Union ◦ Pardon all Confederates who took oath of allegiance to Union except high ranking officials ◦ Confederate states had to form new state gov’t and then regain representation ◦ Formation of Radical Republicans Wanted to destroy all power of former slave owners Radical Republicans pass Wade-Davis Bill ◦ Congress had power over reconstruction ◦ Pocket Vetoed by Lincoln Andrew Johnson was successor to Lincoln ◦ Intended to deal with South harshly ◦ States had to meet conditions Withdraw succession Swear allegiance to the Union Annul Confederate war debts Ratify 13th amendment ◦ Failed to address needs of former slaves (land, voting rights, and protection under the law) Johnson pardons more Rebels than the Johnson’s Radicals likedPlan (pg. 378) Congress refuses to admit newly elected Southern legislators ◦ Felt they had not changed since the war Freedmen’s Bureau ◦ Helped former slaves and poor whites in South Civil Rights Act of 1866 ◦ Gave African Americans citizenship and restricted black codes Forbid slaves from serving on juries, carrying weapons, marrying whites, and sometimes own land Johnson vetoes both Standstill Congress joins together to override vetoes ◦ Drafted the 14th amendment ->basis for Civil Rights Act All persons born or naturalized in U.S. citizens Amount of male citizens not allowed to vote = number of seats that state would lose in Congress Congress feels that if South votes for amendment they would allow them back into the Union Congressional elections held gave Republicans majority in Congress = Congressional Reconstruction allowed them to override Presidential vetoes Reconstruction Act of 1867 ◦ Did not recognize states under Lincoln/Johnson’s plan ◦ Broke South into 5 territories overseen by Union generals Voters would elect representatives to draft new state Constitution (black vote and 14th amendment) Johnson removed people from office who tried to carry this out (impeachment?) ◦ Congress passed Tenure of Office Act ◦ Johnson not impeached by 1 vote What Happens Next? Democrats knew Johnson would not win reelection for them ◦ Nominated Horatio Seymour Republican opponent Ulysses S. Grant Grant wins by a landslide Introduction of 15th Amendment ◦ No one could be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous conditions of servitude Ulysses S. Grant