Download 1 Answers for Chapter 2 Exercise 2.1 a. afternoons: noun sensible

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Answers for Chapter 2
Exercise 2.1
a. afternoons: noun
sensible: adjective
the: determiner (or definite article)
indoors: adverb
recommends: verb (or finite verb; or lexical verb)
this: pronoun (or demonstrative pronoun)
in: preposition
b. The missing word class is: numeral
c. is, take, recommends, pointing
(i) They are all verbs.
That is the answer, but you might conceivably have added:
is and recommends are similar in being finite (and third person singular)
take and pointing are similar in being non-finite
recommends, take and pointing are all similar in being lexical verbs
(ii) is is a finite operator
take is a non-finite lexical verb (or infinitive or to-infinitive)
recommends is a finite lexical verb
pointing is a non-finite lexical verb, present participle
d. (i) are (x2 instances, line 1 and line 3). Both are and is are inflections of the copular verb
be; finite operator; third person present tense
(ii) is is singular and are is plural
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Exercise 2.2
a. abstract noun: argument; care; use; criticism; attack; ‘verbage’(but see answer to b.)
contrast (but by contrast might be construed as a lexical unitary item, a preposition)
common noun: words; enemy; (plus all the abstract nouns above)
proper noun: Obama’s; Sarah Palin; John McCain
personal pronoun: their, him, he
possessive pronoun: their (it is both personal and possessive)
reflexive pronoun: themselves
relative pronoun: that (line 5 only)
adjective: untrustworthy; unfair
determiner: the (x3); an
b. verbage (sic) (line 4)
Sic is inserted after an anomalous item in a text to indicate that this is the actual form used by
the source of the quotation, e.g. an incorrect spelling or an ill-chosen expression. (It is the
Latin word for thus.) To date, ‘verbage’ is not an English word. The word that the politician
Sarah Palin, who is alleged to be a very erratic speaker, is groping for here is verbiage, which
is probably not the right word anyway.
Exercise 2.3
a. Proper nouns: Mr James Duffy (name of a person); Chapelizod (place name); Dublin
(place name)
b. Pronouns: he, he, he, he, his, he, he, himself
c. Groups with common nouns as Head:
a citizen
singular with indefinite article modifying Head: citizen
an old sombre house
singular with indefinite article and two adjectives modifying
Head: house
his windows
plural with a possessive personal pronoun modifying Head:
windows
the disused distillery
singular with a definite article and a past participle modifying
Head: distillery
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a black iron bedstead
singular with an indefinite article and two adjectives modifying
Head: bedstead. It is also correct if you analyzed iron as a noun
acting as modifier since iron is the name of a metal.
four cane chairs
plural with a numeral and a noun (cane) modifying Head:
chairs
a square table
singular with an indefinite article and an adjective modifying
Head: table
d. Nominal group complex. (More on this in Chapter 7.) Remember that adjectives can be
Heads of nominal groups, as in the three linked groups: mean, modern and pretentious.
The other structure is a more obvious linking of four nominal groups, each with a noun as
Head.
Exercise 2.4
a. This may have proved very challenging as some of the nominal groups are much more
complex than the ones we have discussed so far. (More on this in Chapters 7 and 8.)
(1) the British Heart Foundation; (2) the most commonly used piece of equipment for getting
to know the patient’s heart; (3) a state-of-the-art imaging suite; (4) a modern cardiologist.
b. (1) Foundation (or British Heart Foundation since this is the name of an organization, and
hence a proper noun); (2) piece; (3) suite; (4) cardiologist.
c. was established (verbal group); still (adverbial group); can produce (verbal group);
incredible 3-D views of the heart (nominal group); inside your heart (prepositional phrase); a
virtual tour (nominal group).
d. in (preposition); fact (noun); [OR in fact (adverb) if construed as a single lexical item]; a
(determiner); modern (adjective); cardiologist (noun); can (verb or modal operator or
operator, etc.); metaphorically (adverb); step (verb or lexical verb, or bare infinitive); inside
(preposition); your (pronoun or possessive pronoun or personal pronoun); heart (noun or
common noun), and (conjunction); take (verb or lexical verb, or bare infinitive); a
(determiner); virtual (adjective); tour (noun).
Exercise 2.5
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a. adjective: wet (line 2). (Note: midwinter and football modify nouns but they are
themselves nouns, not adjectives.)
b. bare infinitive auxiliary: have (line 4).
c. passive verbal group: was being beaten (line 2).
d. past participle: beaten (line 2); forgotten (line 4).
e. copular verb: was (line 1).
f. present participle: standing (line 1); being (line 2); shivering (line 3); having (line 3).
g. conjunction: and, and (line 2); and (line 3).
h. proper noun: Saturday (line 1); Fred; Harry (line 3).
i. lexical verb: standing (line 1); beaten (line 2); shivering (line 3); turned (line 3); said
(line 3); having (line 3); forgotten (line 4).
j. finite operator: was; were (line 1); was; were; were (line 2); are; aren’t (line 3).
k. modal operator: might (line 4).
l. possessive pronoun: their, their (line 2); his (line 3).
m. adverb: together (line 1).
n. prepositional phrase: in the wind and rain (lines 1–2).
o. finite lexical verb: turned; said (line 3).