Download Matter and Energy - Empidonax-hommondii10-11

Matter and Energy
By Sarah Berger
Matter
 Matter is everything that takes up space.
 It is every drop of water,
 Strand of hair, and
 Every star in the sky.
 Matter is mass.
 The bigger pieces of mass
are made up of molecules.
Parts of Matter: Molecules
 Molecules are at least two atoms put
together.
 Many people study molecules and their
organization. That is called molecular biology.
 The atoms in a molecule are held together by bonds.
 Those bonds are either ionic, covalent, or metallic.
Parts of Matter: Atoms
 Atoms make up everything in the universe. They are in
all liquids, solids, and gasses.
 Atoms are the smallest pieces
of matter that can live on their own
 Atoms consist of three main parts:
 Electrons
 Protons
 Neurons
Electrons
 Electrons have a negative charge
 They are .002% the size of the smallest atom.
 1836 electrons have the same weight of one proton.
 Electrons are arranged in shells.
 The shells circle the nucleus.
Protons
 Protons have a positive charge.
 They are almost 2000 the size of an electron.
 Protons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
 Nothing was thought to be smaller than a proton, until
quarks were discovered.
 There are three quarks in every proton.
Neutrons
 Neutrons have no charge. They are neutral.
 They are almost the same size as protons.
 Neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
 There are also three quarks in each neutron.
Ions
 An ion is an electrically charged atom.
 When an atom has one more proton than electron, it is
positively charged
 When an atom has one more electron than proton, it is
negatively charged.
 The number of neutrons does not affect the charge of
an atom.
Ionic Bonding
 Ionic bonding is when an atom
gives an electron to another atom
to form ions.
 For example, chlorine needs one
more electron, and sodium has
one too many. Sodium then loses
an electron (but it still has that
proton) so it becomes positively
charged.
 Chlorine then gains that electron
(but not a proton) so it becomes
negatively charged.
Metal Bonding
 In metal bonding, the
outermost electrons
become detached.
 There will now be fewer
electrons on the atom,
making a positive ion
[surrounded by electrons].
 The electrons are free to
move, so they make good
energy conductors.
Covalent Bonds
 In covalent bonds, the atoms
do not create ions. They just
share the electrons.
 An example would be with
water. Oxygen needs two
more electrons. Hydrogen
only has one, so it can’t give it
up. Since oxygen needs two,
there is room for two
hydrogen atoms in this water
molecule. That is why it is
called H2O.
More About Atoms
 Every atom [or element] has a number. Its number is
determined by how many protons it has. It could also
be determined by how many electrons it has (since
elements have the same number of electrons as
protons).
 Every atom [or element] has a weight or mass. The
atomic weight of an element is how many neutrons it
has added to its atomic number.
More About Atoms
 Most atoms have multiple isotopes. An isotope is an
atom whose number of neutrons varies.
 Atoms of opposite charge are held together by an
electrostatic attraction. This is what holds ions together
in ionic bonds.
 Again referencing to the sodium-chlorite bonding,
sodium becomes positively charged and chlorine
becomes negatively charged. Like magnets, they stick
together.
More about Molecules
 Molecules stick to surfaces. That is why nothing is
floating around. It is called adhesion.
 Most molecules of the same substance stick together.
That is called cohesion.
 Some molecules are hydrophilic. They are water loving.
It is a term applied to molecules that can form a bond
with water.
 Other molecules are hydrophobic. They are water
fearing. It is a term applied to molecules that can not
form a bond with water.
Gases
 Gases [like everything else in the
universe] are made up of mass.
 They are different from liquids and solids
in the fact that they are not very dense at all. That is the
reason we can move our hands through the air with
ease.
 There are fewer molecules per square centimeter.
 Gases are free to move around, so it is very hard to
contain them. They can escape from the smallest holes
and cracks.
Liquids
 Liquids are more dense than gases,
but not as dense as solids.
 Liquids take no specific shape. They
form to the container they are in.
 They can not be condensed. Part of that is due to
viscosity –the thickness of liquids.
 Liquids also have surface tension. It is like a very thin
layer of plastic on top of them. That is why bugs are
able to walk on water (such as water-gliders).
 Surface tension is caused by molecules at the surface
attracting each other.
Solids
 Solids are the most dense of all the
three states of matter.
 Their density is great, so it is in most
cases impossible to condense them.
 Solids do not form to their containers.
 They form into the shape they were solidified in.
 They are very easy to contain because the molecules
that form them move hardly at all (not enough to see).
Crystals
Crystals differ from other solids in
the way their molecules are
arranged.
The atoms in most molecules are
not lined up with each other.
In crystals, there is a regular,
repeating pattern. The atoms are
arranged in rows and columns.
That regular, repeating pattern is
called a lattice.
Energy
 Energy is the ability to work.
 It’s the ability to put mass in motion.
 It heats our houses,
 Turns on our computers,
 Fuels our cars, and
 Lets us work on science projects.
Forms of Energy: Potential
 Potential energy is stored energy. It is waiting to
happen.
 A book sitting on the very edge of a table has lots of
potential energy.
 It is waiting to fall.
 Potential energy has lots of sub-categories.
 Forms of potential energy are: Mechanical, chemical,
electrical, gravitational, and nuclear.
Forms of Potential: Mechanical
 Mechanical energy is stored in objects by
tightness.
 An example would be a catapult being held
down. There is a lot of tension, so the catapult
has mechanical energy.
 Mechanical energy is basically when something
that is being taken out of it’s natural shape it
wants to go back.
Chemical Energy
 Chemical energy is in the bonds of molecules
and atoms.
 It is released when the bonds break.
 Petroleum oil contains chemical energy.
Electrical Energy
 Electrical energy is the movement of electrons
through an object.
 When we make home phone calls, electrons
move through a wire to get to the receiver of
the call.
 Lightning is also electrical energy.
Gravitational Energy
 Gravitational energy is stored in an object’s
height.
 The higher up you are from the ground, the
faster you will eventually fall.
 Gravity pulls things down, and the higher things
are, gravity will start to pull it down quicker.
Nuclear Energy
 Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of an
atom.
 One way we gather energy for our homes is by
splitting the nuclei of uranium atoms. That is
called fission.
 The sun gets energy by fusing the nuclei of two
hydrogen atoms together. That is called fusion.
Forms of Energy: Kinetic
 Kinetic energy is motion.
 It is the movement of waves.
 The movement of our arms.
 The movement of the smallest molecules.
 Like potential energy, there are many types of
kinetic energy. Those types are: motion,
radiant, thermal, and sound.
Forms of Kinetic Energy: Motion
 Motion energy is in the movement of things.
 The faster something moves, the more motion energy it
has.
 The slower something moves, the less motion energy it
has.
 When something is moving very quickly and then slows
down, it loses motion energy.
Radiant Energy
 Radiant energy travels in transverse waves.
 Transverse waves go up and down and vary in
speed depending on their frequency.
 X-Rays use radiant energy. The transverse
waves travel through thin layers of skin and
muscle until they hit the hard bone.
Thermal Energy
 Thermal energy is the movement of molecules and
atoms to create heat.
 The faster molecules move, the more heat is produced.
Heat is the same thing as thermal energy.
 One way we collect energy [in general] is by harvesting
heat from the center of the Earth.
 It is very hot, so the molecules move faster. As stated in
an earlier slide, the more something moves, the more
energy it has.
Sound Energy
 Sound energy is the movement of energy
through objects via longitudinal waves.
 Longitudinal waves travel horizontally. If you
take a slinky toy, pull one ring back and push it
forward, you will see what a longitudinal wave
looks like.
 Sound can penetrate very hard things.
Works Cited
 Chemistry Matters! Danbury, CT: Grolier, 2007. Print.
 "EIA Energy Kids - Forms of Energy." U.S. Energy Information
Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis. Web.
26 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=about_forms_of_e
nergy-forms>.
 "Energy Forms and Definitions, Kinetic Energy and Potential Basic Energy Concepts for Teachers and Students - from
Ftexploring." Science and Technology Education from Flying Turtle
Exploring. Web. 26 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/enrg-types.htm>.
Works Cited
 Gagnon, Steve. "All About Atoms." Jlab.org. Jefferson Lab. Web.
26 Nov. 2010. <http://education.jlab.org/atomtour/>.
 Jackson, B. H. Physics Matters Book 1. London: Bell & Hyman,
1985. Print.
 "Kinetic Energy." Zona Land Education, Home. Web. 26 Nov.
2010.
<http://zonalandeducation.com/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/ki
neticEnergy/kineticEnergy.html>.
 "Thermodynamics." RidgeNet. Web. 26 Nov. 2010.
<http://www.ridgenet.net/~do_while/sage/v7i1f.htm>.