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Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? Tubes for Transport • Nonvascular plants are simple plants that lack vascular tissue, which easily transports water from the ground into the plant. • They grow in damp places and almost never grow taller than 10 cm. • Nonvascular plants move materials by absorbing nutrients and water in the same way that a sponge absorbs water. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? Tubes for Transport • Vascular plants have vascular tissues that allow them to move water, nutrients, and sugars across long distances. • Vascular tissue contains tiny tubes, which move water and nutrients up a plant in the same way that water moves up a straw. • Most plants, including trees, grasses, and shrubs, are vascular plants. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? Tubes for Transport • Vascular plants have true leaves and roots. • Vascular tissue includes two kinds of smaller tubes. Xylem carries water and nutrients from the roots to the other parts of the plant. • Phloem carries sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? No Seeds, Please! • A spore is a single reproductive cell that can grow into a new plant. • Both nonvascular plants, such as mosses and liverworts, and vascular plants, such as ferns, use spores to reproduce. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? No Seeds, Please! • All of these plants have a sexual generation and an asexual generation in their life cycles. • For example, the sexual generation of moss has male parts producing sperm and female parts producing eggs. When sperm and egg combine, the fertilized egg grows into a stalk. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? No Seeds, Please! • The stalk is the asexual generation of moss. A capsule grows at the end of the stalk, forming spores that shoot out when the capsule opens. • These spores land on the ground and develop into threadlike plants that form buds, which turn into green “leafy” structures. • The “leafy” sexual generation of moss, the most familiar form of the plant, makes food and rootlike structures that anchor the plants to the ground. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? No Seeds, Please! • Like mosses, ferns also use spores to reproduce. In ferns, the reproductive spores form inside clusters on the underside of the leaflets. • The spores are released and fall to the ground when the pockets burst. • The spores then grow into a tiny fern plant. This structure releases sperm and egg cells that, once fertilized, grow into a young fern. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? No Seeds, Please! • The young fern grows into the large, upright fern plant, called the frond. This is the asexual generation of the fern. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? Seed Power! • While spores need to stay moist and sprout soon after release, seeds have a covering that protects them until conditions are right for sprouting. • Gymnosperms are plants that do not produce seeds in flowers. Gymnosperm seeds have a protective seed coat, but are not enclosed by fruit. • Cone-producing plants, called conifers, are the most common gymnosperms. Conifers include pine, fir, spruce, and cedar trees. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? Seed Power! • Angiosperms are plants that produce seeds in flowers. • Since angiosperm seeds are often enclosed in fruit, they are easily spread when animals eat the fruits. • Gymnosperm seeds may also be spread by animals, but typically fall to the ground and grow where they land. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? From Flower to Fruit to Seed • Typical flowers have both male and female reproductive parts. • A male part, the anther, produces pollen, or the sperm. • The female parts include the stigma and the ovary, which contains eggs in ovules. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? From Flower to Fruit to Seed • Flowers produce nectar that organisms may eat. When an organism gathers nectar, pollen may brush onto it. • The organism carries this pollen when it moves to the next flower. This process is called pollination. • When the pollen reaches the stigma, it travels down to the ovary and fertilizes the ovules. This process is called fertilization. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? From Flower to Fruit to Seed • Fertilized ovules develop into seeds, and the ovule wall becomes a seed coat. The ovary that holds the seeds develops into the fruit, such as a pumpkin. • The development of a pumpkin seed into a mature pumpkin fruit follows a sequence of events. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? From Flower to Fruit to Seed • Pollen enters the flower’s ovary and fertilizes the ovules. The ovary grows and the petals fall off. The ovules develop into seeds inside the ovary. • Finally, the outer layer of the ovary thickens to form a fruit around the seeds. The mature pumpkin is filled with seeds. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? From Flower to Fruit to Seed • Identify the following parts of a flower: anther, ovary, ovules, petals, stigma. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? How Seeds Grow • Seeds have a hard outer coat that protects them and allows them to rest until the environment is right for growing. • Many plant seeds rest during winter and then germinate, or start to grow, when the ground becomes warm and moist in the spring. • A dormant seed lies in the soil until conditions are right for growing. The seed germinates by absorbing water and breaking through the seed coat. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Unit 4 Lesson 3 How Do Plants Grow and Reproduce? How Seeds Grow • The embryo continues to grow and a stem pushes upward. Cotyledons provide energy for growth and roots form and begin growing downward. • Leaves mature and the plant starts absorbing more energy from sunlight. It continues to grow as the shoot pushes upward. • The plant grows and matures until it produces flowers and fruit. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company