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The Maritime Revolution, To 1550 (Ch. 15) • Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450 – Pacific Ocean • What was going on in the Pacific Ocean before the Europeans entered? – Tons of movement between the Polynesians. This evidence by the following: » Madagascar was first inhabited by Polynesians. » The Sweet Potato was indigenous to S. America. » The 1976 Hokulea experiment. » See map on Page 414: map 15.1 Pacific Ocean Movement Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean • Madagascar people speak Malayo-Polynesian languages that were born from the Polynesians from 300 CE to present. • The rise of Indian Ocean importance came from the medieval Islamic world. Why did the Muslims have such a huge impact on the trading systems throughout the Indian Ocean? The Muslim importance continued…. • Muslim cities were growing due to the desire that many had in gaining knowledge of the Islamic faith. • These cities demanded many goods that trade from the Indian Ocean provided. • The Muslim traders tied the entire Indian Ocean region together. • Those who traded with the Muslims shared common traits: Languages, ethnicities, law and the spread of the Islamic religion. Indian Ocean (Continued) • Another reason there was a lot of trading in the Indian Ocean was b/c: – It Was Easy. • Monsoon winds were predictable. • Need for manned boats, massive oars and large number of deck hands like the Mediterranean Ships was not needed. • With Islam spreading, a commonality was spreading among many different types of humans, too. Ming China and their impact on the Indian Ocean • 1368, the Mongols were booted out of China and the Ming wanted to re-establish itself as the dominant leader in the “World.” – Sent out seven imperial fleets between 1405 – 1433. Other reasons for this emergence: • Sheer curiosity • Making money and commerce was a motive, too. • Flex their Chinese muscles, too by creating alliances with all those they encountered. Ming China (continued) Look how much bigger the Junk is compared to that of the European Caravel Ship. Ming (continued) • Junk Ships carried: – Rich silks – Precious metals – Other valuable gifts for distant rulers • This stimulated diplomatic and economic encounters between the Chinese and many Indian Ocean societies from India to the Swahili Coast of Africa. • Swahili Coasts societies even went so far as to send delegates to China bringing such exotic gifts like giraffes. So what happened to the Ming? • By 1433, they had completely stopped all their voyages. They burned & destroyed all evidence that those voyages even took place. Zheng He was out of a job! • WHY? – Opposed contact with outside peoples – Outside peoples were “barbarians” – Need to focus on interior problems of China. The effects of the Mongols • “We want to work on inner China”…means that they do not want another Mongol invasion. This costs money to build more walls, more military personnel, etc. Can’t afford these along with costly voyages. • Also, the last time they interacted with the outside world (Silk Road) …look what it brought us: The Mongols and disease. • “Let’s just get out of the Indian Ocean.” “Everything that is important to China is in China.” Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean (continued) Vikings • Perhaps the greatest mariners of the Atlantic in the early Middle Ages were the Vikings. – Remember, they are the ones that caused all those Europeans to gather around the “King” for protection once the Roman Empire fell…helped to create Feudal societies throughout Europe. – During these warm centuries, they settled one island after another…Greenland, Iceland, etc. – No instruments, like the Polynesians, they used stars, moon, and celestial bodies to navigate. Vikings • Iceland 770 CE • Greenland 982 CE • Vinland around 1000CE (Newfoundland) – Around 1200 cooler weather predominated and these worlds were abandoned. They would live forever in Norse sagas, though. Amerindians • The Arawak (Taino) were the ones that migrated to create new worlds in the West Indies. – Moved up from Barbados and Martinique and moved into the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico as well as the Bahamas. – Some evidence is available that the Arawak also may have traveled to mainland North America. West Indies European Expansion 1400-1550 Lets Look at Europe in 1500 European Cities European Expansion • All those that came before (preceded) the Europeans entering the exploration business, did not have the affect on World History like those from the Iberian Peninsula. • What explains this phenomenon? • Two things! Phenomenon of European Expansion explained • Leadership – Strong economically – Religiously cohesive – Politically motivated • Technology – Advancements made in the astrolabe, compass, the Caravel Ship with its triangular masts. – Technology allowed for the taking over of the treacherous waters of the Atlantic So, What motivated the Iberian? • 4 Things – The revival of Urban life called for a want of exotic goods – The odd relationship that was taking place between merchants and rulers – Can’t dominate the Mediterranean due to the Muslim influence already there, so let’s move to the Atlantic Ocean and beat the Middle Man. – Growing curiosity of the outside world. Spaniards and Portuguese said, “Lets find a route to India that doesn’t included these guys in the Middle East” Power players in Italy (Venice and Genoa) …what did they do? • Maintained a profitable and somewhat peaceful trading system w/in the Med. Sea. • They continued to pursue these peaceful alliances with Muslim traders. • They were able to make good $ from this trading system. – In other words, they had no reason to look for more desirous routes to India. They already had them!! Also, • The Genoese and Venetian peoples are right in the middle of the Catholic Church and Papal State that the Pope ruled. – This is not a hot bed of new ideas and change – Why mess with something that is not “Broken” Portuguese Voyages • Portugal got involved in exploration for two reasons: 1. They were always involved in the massive fishing industry that being next to both the MED SEA and the Atlantic Ocean brings. 2. They were constantly, like the Spanish, trying to eradicate Muslim peoples from their lands. This brings them to N. Africa and looking at the Gold Trade that was already in place. Remember Mansa Musa?!! Portuguese • They first try to penetrate Morocco. This was unsuccessful, so they moved south. • Remember that Portugal is small in population and Spain is very large in population. This leads to: Portugal wanting to just create trade centers whereas the Spanish will be looking for new homes and lands to move a burgeoning population to. • Keep that in mind while we discuss Portugal and Spain and the way they developed their respective empires. Prince Henry the Navigator. Devoted his life to Exploration while actually not exploring! -He founded a research center in Portugal. -Got his ideas from the Genoese from Italy and Jewish mapmakers (cartographers) -Beginning in the 1410s, he would send students out with the purpose of: Converting Africans to Christians Hoping to creates “Crusades” against the Ottomans. Only Later did finding India really become a goal. No one man had more to do with drawing and creating a workable map of the Western Coast of Africa than Prince Henry. He was also very responsible for helping create a better compass and the Caravel Ship. The Astrolobe and the Caravel Ship Muslim Astrolobe that would be turned into a compass by Prince Henry A Portuguese Caravel ship. Notice the Cross from the Order of Christ. Could hold about 20 men. So! What is so big about the Caravel Ship The Caravel has many advantages. 1. It is small. That is to say, it is manageable over, say, the Chinese Junk. 2. Due to its small size it can navigate in shallow waters and even run up and down rivers once those are found. 3. Even more, they are strong enough to take on the terrific storms that are synonymous with the Atlantic Ocean. 4. The lateen sails make wind management easier and from any side it may be penetrating the vessel. 5. Caravels had great maneuverability. 6. Change the sail to a more square sail, a following wind, and the ship will absolutely fly along the water. 7. Put a small cannon on the boat and it is a spirited fighting machine as well. 8. Due to its cheap cost to build, speed, agility, and power..they were dubbed “The best ships that sailed the seas.” Getting Home • Don’t fight the prevailing NW Winds to get back to Portugal by sailing up the coast of Africa. Rather, use the Westerly winds that would quickly bring sailors back home. • Problem: You almost have to swing out to S. America to pull off this feat. • What’s this mean? It takes decades to create advancements into this unknown. But once they discovered a method, the rapid increase of more sailing and exploration would blossom. So, who pays for all this? • Well, before they became profitable, it was the good people of the Order of Christ. These are the guys left over after the Order of Knights of Templar was disbanded in 1314. These are the same guys that got really rich from all the Christian and Muslim Crusades that took place during the Medieval era. Convent of Christ in Castle Tomar, Portugal. Built in 1160, this was a very important stronghold for the Knights of Templar. This became the headquarters for the Order of Christ. They are the men responsible for initially funding the Portuguese explorations. Obviously the first motive for exploration was to seek out converts for Christianity. This would change once slaving was introduced. So what do you do to make a profit as a Portuguese sailor? • The gold industry was hard to get into. After all trying to erase the middle man (Muslims) from the Gold Industry in Sub-Sahara Africa was difficult…its gold! Come, on…plus they are in Africa and remember, the Portuguese stayed along the coast of Africa. • The answer is slavery. This system was monopolized by the Western African Kings starting in Benin and the Gold Coast (Ghana). Elima Castle, in Gold Coast (Ghana). This is a castle built by the Portuguese once they had created the slave trade. Gold and Slaves • By 1457, so much gold was coming back to Portugal that coins were now printed in Gold. • Also, slavery was being used on the Island of Sao Tome. Here, slaves from mainland Africa were used to create sugar plantations where sugar was brought back to Portugal to sell all over Europe or in the making of Rum that was used as a great trade item all around the world. Sao Tome The two Portuguese Big Boys Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama Dias and da Gama • Dias sailed to the southern tip of Africa in 1488. He came back due to failing supplies. • da Gama completed the tour to India 10 years later. • Again! They began this navigation of Northern Africa some 100 years prior. Now they are just turning the corner in Southern Africa. See what I mean…it takes a while to explore … largely in part b/c you are drawing the map as you go!! Differing routes Dias in 1488 da Gama in 1498 Who was Pedro Alvares Cabral? • In 1500, he overshot a return trip to Portugal from India once he got to the Southern tip of Africa. He accidentally landed on present day Brazil, S. America. • Remember the sugar plantations on the small island of Sao Tome? The Portuguese will simply transplant that operation to one of the largest countries in the world….by accident!! Spanish Voyages (page 422) • Again, notice here in this section how the Spanish are not like the Portuguese in that they do more exploring on land…the Portuguese (much like their name: Port ((Door)) they just want to look through the door) want to just stay on the edge of the land. Spanish use Conquistador…which means Conqueror…they are there to take over. Christopher Columbus A Genoese Italian. He was probably prompted in his earlier life to explore due to ideas brought back by Marco Polo, a Genoese citizen from 150 years prior. Was an accomplished sailor and explorer for several companies and wealthy people. It was the Spanish that would hire him to find a better route to the Indies (India) than the Portuguese had found. Perhaps a route that would make the turn around time faster. Columbus pleading with Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain Why were the Spanish late in joining their neighbor in the exploration game? • They were getting rid of the Muslims in Spain • They were busy uniting all of Spain under one centralized rule by the marriage of their king and queen. • These internal issues kept them pretty busy. Notice the differences between the Portuguese and Spanish. • Portugal had worked for over 100 years trying to find a new route to India as opposed to traveling through the dangerous Med. Sea. • Spain immediately went west and discovered the Americas and had taken over Mexico and Peru in just 50 years. • Hard Work vs. Luck? More on Columbus • He had a theory: – “You can sail due west and be in India in no time” – Who will buy this theory? – Portugal thought he was crazy and dismissed him from their court. – The Italians had no interest in rocking their apple cart – The Spaniards were behind the curve and took the gamble. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand sponsored his voyage. – When they agreed, the Spaniards had just defeated those lasting Muslims in Granada. Nothing like timing! First 4 voyages of Columbus Evidence that Columbus was going to go to India via traveling West. • He had letters addressed to the Great Khan in China. • He had letters addressed to other Eastern rulers. • He brought a Jewish-converted to Christianityso as to be able to translate the Arabic languages spoken by the Muslim traders they were “going” to meet once there. Pope steps in • Treaty of Tordesillas – This will separate all things found both east and west. – Pope Alexander VI drew up this document. (see how important the Pope can be at times) – All things West would belong to the Spaniards. – All things East would belong to the Portuguese. – This line was drawn down the heart of Brazil. Treaty of Tordesillas Need the islands of Moluccas Spaniards cared only about the Moluccas Islands. Why? • Because this is where the pepper, nutmeg, ginger, etc. came from. • Remember this. A small box the size of a loaf of bread containing spices could bring a profit of anywhere from 100 to 500%. • Now, why is America called America and not Columbia? Amerigo Vespucci • He actually would follow up on Columbus and draw the map that created the Eastern seashore of Central and South America • Why didn’t Columbus? – B/c he was obsessed that every new South American land that he found on trip 2, trip 3, etc. was indeed Asia and India was right around the corner. Amerigo Vespucci’s world as he saw it. So who was Ferdinand Magellan? • First person to circumnavigate the globe. Sort of!! – He died in the Philippines and his men just kept on going. – They found the Moluccas Islands. – They would later stay in the Philippines and take the place over by 1541. Manila, Philippines. – This is huge b/c the rest of Asia (China and Japan) will see how they act as colonizers and will want nothing to do with these “Europeans” nor anything to do with their “Jesus.” Encounters with Europe 1450-1550 page: 425 • How did the rest of the world react to these two great powers approaching them from both the East and West? • It varies – Africa both accepts and rejects the Portuguese after much intercourse. – Amerindians were butchered and enslaved – Asians reluctantly allowed the Portuguese to build port cities only. No land empires. Western Africa • Benin interacted with the Portuguese and traded in slaves and gold with them. • They looked at Christianity and without explanation said, “Leave!” • No more adult male slaves and no Christianity. • What is important here is that the African nobles had the power and the ability to back up this successful request. Kongo • The Kongo, further south of Benin, had less ivory and pepper to trade with so they upped the ante by trading in more of their slaves. • This trade system began to be dominated by the Portuguese. The Kongolese even became Christian. • King Alfonso of the Kongo was overthrown by his own people and the Portuguese looked the other way because by then, their attention was in the Indian Ocean. Eastern Africa (Swahili Coast) • Ethiopia (Already Christian) would like to create an alliance with the Christian Portuguese. • Queen Helena of Ethiopia wanted the alliance to help her against aggressive Muslim forces that surrounded her kingdom. • After her death, this idea was abandoned and some Portuguese ambassadors and sailors lost their lives due to the conflict. Chris da Gama, for example. Africa and their interaction with Portugual • They were met by kings and queens and very important dignitaries from all over the coast lines of Africa. • Africans routinely kept the Portuguese on the coast • This fit the Portuguese due to their lack of a population and inability to wage war inland. • However, due to their canon on the Caravel, they could “set up shop” just about anywhere. Indian Ocean States page: 427 • Upon meeting those men from Portugal, the traders of Calicut laughed at them and what they were trading. • This is a recurring theme throughout the Indian Ocean. That is: The Europeans had nothing to trade with. Perhaps this is why deadly force was so common by the Portuguese when it came to interaction with those people in the Indian Ocean. Map of India. Find Calicut and Bay of Bengal? Bay of Bengal and Malacca • Bay of Bengal was needed to control all that came out of India. • Malacca, by 1511, was in the hands of the Portuguese. 100,000 residents and over 80 languages were spoken there. This is a major port city due to the all spices that come in and out of Asia go through this “pressure point.” Macao • China’s reaction to the Portuguese was one of interest. • The Chinese gave them the port city of Macao and it was not relented until 1999. So, what can we learn here? • Indian Ocean already had a very intricate trade system in place. • The Portuguese had nothing really important to trade with. • The Portuguese had guns (canons) though. • This allowed them to take over the main choke points of the Indian Ocean and really supplant the Muslim traders and others that had been there for 500 years. Choke Points of 1500 are still the same in 2010 Effects of the Portuguese • Able to break the Pepper and Spice monopoly that Genoa and Venice had for so long • They were able to send excess cash back to Brazil. This is the one true colony that Portugal possessed. • They had little impact on the mainland of Asia or Africa, but the coastlines, by 1550, belonged to the Portuguese. The Americas • The first people to come into contact with Columbus were the Arawak (Taino). They were of Haiti and Dominican Republic. • They grew maize and sweet potatoes, cotton and tobacco. Hot peppers were also a major crop for the Arawak. • In order to get the Europeans to move on, they would tell them of stories of gold in “other” places. The two big Spanish Explorers Hernan Cortez…takes Mexico Francisco Pizarro …take Peru Hernan Cortes(z) • Cortes would use Aztec enemies Tlaxcalans as huge allies to help defeat the Aztecs. • Moctezuma II was captured and later killed by Cortes and his men. • They were able to take a group larger than a million with some 250 men. • They had things the natives had never seen. – Horses, guns, boats, armor, etc. Small pox Small Pox • Perhaps nothing had more a devastating effect on the Native Americans than European disease. • Small pox killed more Amerindians than could be counted. • This has a psychological effect on the Amerindians, too. It is like the gods are saying, “You’re supposed to succumb to…” Francisco Pizarro • He had 180 men, 37 horses and two cannons. • Eventually this is all he would need to take down the great Inca Empire along the Andes Mountains in Peru, South America. • Using local feuds and angry outsiders of the Incan world, Atahualpa would be killed for his king’s room in jewels and gold. Effects of the Spanish • Population depletion all throughout Central and South America • Entire indigenous populations on Islands around Central and South America were wiped out. • Slave labor would be introduced • A Columbian Exchange would take place • Huge extractions of gold and silver would be introduced into the Global Economy thanks to the hard work of Amerindians. • Vast Spanish colonies throughout the Americas would be in place up to the mid 1800s.