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1. Motio n Additional Science: Pages 166–167 Physics: Pages 108-109 P2 1.1 Distance–time graphs What does the gradient line on a distance–time graph represent? Distance–time graphs On a distance–time graph for a car, what happens to the line on the graph when the speed is increased? How could we tell from the graph if the car was stationary? What is the scientific unit of speed? Speed Write down the equation for calculating the speed of an object moving at constant speed. Why are long-distance vehicles fitted with tachographs? Speed in action How can you use a distance–time graph to calculate the speed a lorry was travelling at? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 1 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 168–169 Physics: Pages 110-111 P2 1.2 Velocity and acceleration What is velocity? Velocity Why does the velocity of a plane change as it ‘loops the loop’ at constant speed? What is acceleration? Acceleration What is the scientific unit of acceleration? Write down the equation used to calculate acceleration. In the alternative equation a = (v-u)/t, what do the letters ‘u’ and ‘v’ represent? What is deceleration? Deceleration Give another name for deceleration. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 2 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 170–171 Physics : Pages 112-113 P2 1.3 More about velocity–time graphs When an object is accelerating, why does the line on its velocity–time graph go up? Investigating acceleration How can we tell from a velocity– time graph whether the acceleration of an object was constant? What does the gradient of a line on a velocity–time graph represent? Braking (HIGHER) Using the area under the line What would the line look like on a velocity–time graph for an object moving at constant speed? If the line goes down, what does this tell us about the motion of the object? How do we find the distance travelled from a velocity–time graph? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 3 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 172–173 Physics : Pages 114-115 P2 1.4 Using graphs Look at the following graph, drawn for an object moving at constant speed. 1) 1) What does the height of the triangle represent? Using distance–time graphs 2) Write down the equation for finding the gradient of the diagonal line. 2) 2. Fo rces What does the gradient of a distance–time graph tell us? Now use the graph to calculate the speed of the object. What can we tell about the speed of an object if its distance–time graph is not a straight line? On a velocity–time graph, what does the height of the line (or triangle) represent? Using velocity–time graphs What does the base of the triangle represent? Why does the gradient of a velocity– time graph represent acceleration? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 4 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Using velocity–time graphs (cont.) Using the graph shown, calculate the acceleration. How would you calculate the distance travelled from the graph? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 5 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 176–177 Physics : Pages 118-119 P2 2.1 Forces between objects What happens when you apply a force to squeeze a tube of toothpaste? Forces between objects What happens when you apply more force? 1) Name three things that forces can do to an object. 2) 3) When two objects push or pull on each other, what can you say about the forces acting? Equal and opposite forces What is the unit of force? If a kick-boxer kicks his opponent with a force of 60 N, what force will he experience? When a tractor is used to pull a car out of the mud, which force must be greater than the force of the mud on the car? In the mud Why aren’t these forces necessarily equal to one another? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 6 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 For a moving car, where does friction act? Direction of car Friction in action Label arrows A and B on the diagram, showing the friction forces acting when the car is in motion. A B Arrow A: Arrow B: What can you say about the two forces you labelled? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 7 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 178–179 Physics : Pages 120-121 Resultant force P2 2.2 Resultant force What is the resultant force on an object? What happens to a stationary object if the resultant force on the object is zero? Zero resultant force What would you observe if the object was in motion (still with a resultant force of zero)? When a heavy box is pushed across the floor at constant velocity, what can be said about the resultant force on the box? How can you find the resultant force on a jet during take-off? How could the take-off speed be increased? When the driver of a race car applies the brakes, how large is the braking force compared to the engine force? Non-zero resultant force Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the direction of the resultant force that acts when the driver applies the brakes. How would you calculate the resultant force acting on the car? How would you calculate the resultant force on an object when two forces are acting in the same direction? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 8 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 180–181 Physics : Pages 122-123 P2 2.3 Force and acceleration If the resultant force on an object is increased, what will happen to its acceleration? Write down the word equation that links the resultant force, the mass and the acceleration. Rewrite the word equation using symbols. Name Force and acceleration Complete the table, giving the name, symbol and unit for each element of the equation. Symbol Unit m kilograms resultant force a Using the equation, calculate the resultant force acting on an object of mass 2 kg and an acceleration of 3 m/s2. Write down the rearranged version of the equation used to find acceleration Speeding up or slowing down True or false: the acceleration of an object is in the opposite direction to the resultant force acting on it? What happens to the speed of an object if the resultant force acts in the opposite direction to its velocity? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 9 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 182–183 Physics : Pages 124-125 P2 2.4 On the road Give two examples of resistive forces acting on a car in motion. Forces on the road 1) 2) Write down an equation which can be used to find the braking force needed to stop a vehicle. How does the braking force needed to stop a vehicle depend on the speed of the vehicle? What other factor affects the braking force needed? What is the stopping distance of a car? Write down the word equation for finding the stopping distance. Stopping distances What does the thinking distance depend on? How can the thinking distance be calculated? How can the braking distance be calculated? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 10 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Factors affecting stopping distances For each of the following factors affecting braking distance, state whether it increases the thinking distance or the braking distance. Tiredness Name two factors which increase both the thinking and braking distances. 1) Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Driving a poorly maintained vehicle Alcohol 2) Page 11 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 184–185 Physics : Pages 126-127 P2 2.5 Falling objects Where on the Earth can you go if you want to reduce your weight? What will happen to your mass? What is the difference between weight and mass? Give the units of weight and mass. Weight: Mass: What is the unit of gravitational field strength? How to reduce your weight What is the value of the Earth’s gravitational field strength at the Earth’s surface? Write down a word equation you could use to find the weight of an object. Rewrite the equation using symbols. Calculate the weight in newtons of a person of mass 60 kg standing on the Earth’s surface. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 12 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 What is the acceleration of a falling object acted on only by gravity? What is this acceleration known as? How would you find the resultant force on an object falling through a fluid? The force of falling objects What is the terminal velocity of a falling object? What is the value of the resultant force on the object when it has reached terminal velocity? What is the drag force called for an object moving through air? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 13 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 186–187 Physics : Pages 128-129 P2 2.6 Stretching and squashing What do we mean when we say that an object is elastic? Give two examples of elastic objects. Stretching and squashing 1) 2) A weight is hung from a spring. Write down a word equation to calculate the extension of the spring. A graph is drawn of the extension of the spring against the weight added. The graph line is straight and goes through the origin. What does this tell us? What kind of energy is stored in a stretched spring? Elastic energy What happens to this energy when the spring is released? What is Hooke’s law? Hooke’s law What happens when a spring is stretched beyond its limit or proportionality? Write down Hooke’s law as an equation. What is the spring constant? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 14 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 188–189 Physics : Pages 130-131 P2 2.7 Force and speed issues Why do vehicles use more fuel when travelling at greater speeds? Speed costs Apart from reducing speed, how can the fuel used by lorries be reduced? 1) Speed kills! Give two reasons why driving at high speeds is dangerous to pedestrians. 2) Why might a speeding motorist be discouraged by speed cameras? Speed cameras What are average speed cameras? Why are anti-skid surfaces designed to be rougher than normal road surfaces? Anti-skid surfaces When does skidding usually happen? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 15 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 192–193 Physics : Pages 134-135 P2 3.1 Energy and work 3. W ork, en erg y and mom entum What happens to an object when work is done on it? When a heavy object is lifted, 10 J of work is done on it. How much energy has been transferred to the object? In words, write down the equation used to calculate the work does by a force. Working out Name Complete the table, giving the names, symbols and units used in the equation. Symbol Unit work done newtons, N d How much work is done pushing a box 2 m across the ground with a force of 6 N? Why do your hands become warm if you rub them together? Friction at work What happens to the kinetic energy of a vehicle when the brakes are applied? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 16 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 194–195 Physics : Pages 136-137 P2 3.2 Gravitational potential energy What is gravitational potential energy? If 500 J of work is done lifting an object, how much gravitational potential energy has the object gained? Gravitational potential energy transfers What happens to the gravitational energy of the object when it is put down again? What two things does the work done 1) on an object moving up or down depend on? 2) Write down the word equation for calculating the change of gravitational potential energy. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 17 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Why can astronauts lift objects much more easily on the moon than they can on Earth? Fill in the gaps of the following equation. Change of gravitational potential energy = × gravitational field strength × Rewrite this equation using symbols. Gravitational potential energy and mass Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by a ball of mass 0.2 kg when it is lifted 1 m into the air. The gravitational field strength on the surface of the Earth is 10 N/kg. What is power? What is the unit of power? Write down a word equation that could be used to find power. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 18 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 196–197 Physics : Pages 138-139 Kinetic energy The kinetic energy formula P2 3.3 Kinetic energy What two things does the kinetic energy of an object depend on? 1) Complete the kinetic energy equation. Kinetic energy = ½ × 2) × What unit is kinetic energy measured in? What do the letters KERS stand for? What are KERS used for? What is elastic potential energy? Using elastic potential energy When firing an arrow from a bow, what happens to the elastic energy stored in the bow? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 19 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 198–199 Physics : Pages 140-141 P2 3.4 Momentum How is the momentum of a moving object calculated? What is the unit of momentum? Which symbol is used to represent momentum? Momentum Calculate the momentum of a person of mass 60 kg walking at a velocity of 4 m/s. Write down the law of conservation of momentum. What happens to the momentum when a vehicle crashes into the back of a line of cars? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 20 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 200–201 Physics : Pages 142-143 Explosions P2 3.5 Explosions When a skateboarder jumps off his skateboard, the skateboard flies away from him. What can you say about the momentum of the skateboard? Why does the skateboard move away more quickly than the skateboarder? Does momentum have a direction? Conservation of momentum If the total momentum before an explosion is zero, what will the total momentum be after the explosion? Which scientific law does this follow? What happens to the barrel of a gun when the gun is fired? Momentum in action How can this effect be minimised in artillery guns? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 21 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 202–203 Physics : Pages 144-145 P2 3.6 Impact forces What happens to the momentum of a car during a front-end impact? Impact forces How would a crumple zone at the front of the car reduce the force of an impact? Write down an equation used to calculate the impact force of a tennis ball from its mass and (negative) acceleration on impact with a racket. Impact time If the deceleration of the ball is 100 m/s2 when it hits the racket and the mass of the ball is 0.1 kg, calculate the impact force on the racket. When two vehicles collide, what happens to the total momentum? Two-vehicle collisions What assumption have you made? If a heavy lorry crashes into the back of a light car, what happens to the car? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 22 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 204–205 Physics : Pages 146-147 P2 3.7 Car safety 1) Clunk click! Give three ways that seat belts help to protect people in accidents. 2) 3) Air bags What advantage do air bags have over seat belts? Who does the child car seat law apply to? Child car seats Why was this law brought in? Who is responsible for making sure that children in a car are seated safely? Why do car manufacturers always include seat belts in their cars? Safety costs Why do car makers often choose not to include side impact bars in their cars? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 23 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 208–209 Physics : Pages 150-151 P2 4.1 Electrical charges 4. Cu rrent electricit y Electrical charges What happens when you rub a balloon with your clothes? Why will the balloon then stick to the ceiling? How does a Van de Graaff generator charge up? The Van de Graaff generator What happens when the charge on the dome builds up too much? Link each component of an atom with its charge. Inside the atom Proton Neutral Electron Positive Neutron Negative What is the name given to a charged atom? What happens to the charge of an uncharged atom when you add more electrons? Why does an uncharged atom become positive when you remove electrons from it? Charging by friction Why does rubbing a polythene rod with a dry cloth make the rod negatively charged? Would two of these negatively charged rods repel or attract each other? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 24 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 210–211 Physics : Pages 152-153 P2 4.2 Electrical circuits What does a circuit diagram show? How can you tell which component is which? Electrical circuits Circle the symbol which represents a resistor. What could the other symbol represent? What is an electric current? What determines the size of an electric current? What is the unit of electric current? What is the unit of electric charge? Electric current Write down an equation used to find the electric current. How can we write the equation using symbols? Calculate the current through a resistor when a charge of 12 C passes through it over 2 s. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 25 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 212–213 Physics : Pages 154-155 P2 4.3 Resistance Name a component that could be used to measure the current across the bulb in an electrical circuit. What unit is current measured in? What component could be used to measure the potential difference across the bulb? Write down an equation used to calculate the potential difference across the bulb, giving the unit of each term. Ammeters and voltmeters When the circuit is switched on, 5 C of charge passes through the bulb and 30 J of energy is transferred to the bulb. Use the equation to calculate the potential difference across the bulb. The resistance of an electrical component is defined as resistance = potential difference ÷ current. Rewrite this equation using symbols (letters). Write down the rearranged versions of this equation that you would use to find 1) voltage and 2) current. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 1) 2) Page 26 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Write down Ohm’s law. Current–potential difference graphs Complete the current–potential difference graph for a wire at constant temperature. Why is a wire known as an ‘ohmic conductor’? What happens to the potential difference across a component when you reverse the current through it? What effect would reversing the potential difference have on the shape of the line in the graph above? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 27 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 214–215 Physics : Pages 156-157 More current–potential difference graphs P2 4.4 More current–potential difference graphs When an electrical appliance fails, what is the most likely cause? Complete the current–potential difference graph for a filament bulb. Using current–potential difference graphs: a filament bulb What does the shape of the line on the graph tell us about the bulb? What happens to the resistance of the filament bulb as its temperature is increased? (HIGHER) Why does this happen? What effect does reversing the potential difference have on the shape of the line? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 28 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Complete the current–potential difference graph for a diode. The diode How can we tell from the graph that a diode is not an ohmic conductor? In the reverse direction, the current through a diode is very small compared to the current in the forward direction. What does this tell us about the resistance of the diode? What happens to the resistance of a thermistor if the temperature is increased? Current–potential difference graphs for a thermistor and LDR What does LDR stand for? What happens to the resistance of an LDR when the intensity of light falling on it is increased? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 29 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 216–217 Physics : Pages 158-159 P2 4.5 Series circuits What can you say about the current passing through components in series with each other? Circuit rules Why is this? What can you say about the potential difference for components in a series circuit? Cells in series How can we find the potential difference of several cells in series? The resistance rule for components in series For a series circuit made up several components, how do we find the total resistance of the components? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 30 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 218–219 Physics : Pages 160-161 Parallel circuits P2 4.6 Parallel circuits How could you calculate the total current in a parallel circuit, if the current through each of the components is known? What effect does increasing the resistance of a component have on the current through it? Potential difference in a parallel circuit What can we say about the potential difference in a parallel circuit? What does the current through each component in a parallel circuit depend on? Write down the equation used to calculate the current, giving the units. Calculations on parallel circuits Calculate the current through a 6 Ω resistor when a potential difference of 12 V is applied to it. The resistor is in a parallel circuit with another, identical resistor. Calculate the total current from the battery if the potential difference across each resistor is unchanged. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 31 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 222–223 Physics : Pages 164-165 P2 5.1 Alternating current 5. M ain s electr icit y What is meant by the term ‘direct current’? Alternating current What is meant by the term ‘alternating current’? What is the mains frequency in the UK? Name the two types of wire that every mains circuit has. Mains circuits 1) 2) Which of these wires is dangerous and why? Which device can we use to observe alternating potential differences? Measuring an alternating potential difference More about mains circuits (HIGHER): How would you use an oscilloscope to measure the frequency of an alternating current? The voltage of a mains live wire alternates between 325 V and -325 V. What direct voltage is this equivalent to (in terms of electrical power)? (HIGHER): The frequency of the mains supply is 50 Hz. What would the frequency be if each cycle took 0.04 seconds instead of 0.02 seconds? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 32 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 224–225 Physics : Pages 166-167 P2 5.2 Cables and plugs Why does an appliance with a metal casing need to be earthed? Why are sockets and plug cases made of plastic materials? Cables and plugs Draw the double insulation symbol, carried by appliances with plastic casing. What are the three pins of a threepin plug? 1) 2) 3) Give three reasons for making the pins out of brass. Plugs, sockets and cables What colour are the three wires in a three-pin plug? What do mains cables consist of? Why are the cables that join wall sockets on a house thicker than the cables joining the light fittings? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 33 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 226–227 Physics : Pages 168-169 P2 5.3 Fuses What is the purpose of a fuse? Fuses What is the rating of a fuse? What might happen if a fuse of the wrong rating is fitted for a mains appliance? The earth connection of an appliance with a metal casing is broken. What else has to happen for the appliance to become dangerous to touch? The importance of earthing If the earth connection is mended, why might the appliance still be dangerous? Why don’t appliances with plastic cases need to be earthed? Circuit breakers What is a circuit breaker? Give two advantages of using circuit breakers over fuses. 1) 2) What does RCCB stand for? When does an RCCB cut off the current? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 34 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 228–229 Physics : Pages 170-171 Electrical power and potential difference P2 5.4 Electrical power and potential difference Write down a word equation used to find the power of an appliance from the energy transferred by the appliance. Include the units. A microwave transfers 60,000 J over 100 s. Calculate its power. Write down the equation used to find the power supplied to an appliance from the current and potential difference. Include the units. Calculating power Rewrite the equation using letters. Calculate the power supplied to a 0.2 A, 2 V lamp. Write down the rearranged equations used to find (1) potential difference and (2) current. Choosing a fuse 1) 2) What are the three fuse ratings that are commonly fitted within domestic electrical appliances? Which of these fuses would you use for a 920 W, 230 V appliance? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 35 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 230–231 Physics : Pages 172-173 P2 5.5 Electrical energy and charge What is the electric current through an appliance? What is the unit of charge? Calculating charge Write down the equation used to calculate the electric charge from the current. Rewrite the equation using the letters ‘I’, ‘Q’ and ‘t’. Calculate the charge flow when the current is 5 A for 1 minute. Why does a resistor heat up when connected to a battery? (HIGHER) Energy and potential difference What two factors does the energy transferred in a certain time in a resistor depend on? 1) 2) Write down the equation used to calculate the energy transferred using these two factors, including the units. Calculate the energy transferred to a resistor when the charge passing through it is 200 C and the potential difference is 30 V. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 36 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 (HIGHER) Energy transfer in a circuit A circuit consists of a 6 V battery connected to a resistor and a filament bulb. What can you say about the sum of electrical energy transferred to the resistor and the bulb? Each coulomb of charge leaves the battery with 6 J of energy. If 4 J of energy per coulomb is transferred to the filament bulb, how much energy per coulomb is transferred to the resistor? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 37 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 232–233 Physics : Pages 174-175 P2 5.6 Electrical issues (How Science Works) Give two reasons why electrical faults are dangerous. 1) 2) What causes electrical faults? Fault prevention How can electrical faults be prevented? When would an electrician select a two-core cable to use? Why does an electrician have to take the thickness of wires into account? Give examples of two factors in addition to cost that should be considered when choosing an electrical appliance. New bulbs for old Name the two types of low-energy light bulb. 1) 2) 1) 2) Which of these bulbs are more efficient? Which low-energy bulbs are typically used for room lighting? Why might they be chosen over the other type? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 38 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 236–237 Physics : Pages 178-179 P2 6.1 Observing nuclear radiation 6. R adio activit y A key discovery How did a packet of uranium salts form the image of a key on the film developed by Henri Becquerel? What prize was Marie Curie awarded for the discovery of polonium and radium? What is likely to have caused Marie Curie to fall ill with leukaemia? Marie Curie Name a device which can be used to detect radioactivity. Name the three types of radiation given out by radioactive substances. In each case, give the symbol. 1) 2) 3) Which type of radiation can be stopped using a sheet of paper? Why do the unstable nuclei of radioactive substances emit radiation? A radioactive puzzle What term is used to describe the emission of radiation from an atom? Why do we say that the emission of radiation is a random event? The origins of background radiation Where can background radiation come from? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 39 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 238–239 Physics : Pages 180-181 P2 6.2 The discovery of the nucleus What famous discovery did Ernest Rutherford make in 1913? What experiments did he use to prove his discovery? How did Rutherford deduce that the nuclei of atoms are positively charged? How did Rutherford deduce that the The discovery of the nucleus atomic nucleus is much smaller than the atom? 1) Give three reasons why Rutherford’s nuclear model was quickly accepted. 2) 3) Goodbye to the plum pudding model! Describe the ‘plum pudding’ atomic model. Why did Rutherford’s experiments disprove the plum pudding model? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 40 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 240–241 Physics : Pages 182-183 P2 6.3 Nuclear reactions How is a charged particle formed? What is a charged particle called? What does the ‘atomic number’ refer to? What symbol is the atomic number given? Nuclear reactions What are isotopes? What name is given to the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus? Label the symbols on the diagram (representing an isotope) with the terms ‘atomic symbol’, ‘atomic number’ and ‘mass number’. A Xxx Z What does an alpha particle consist of? Radioactive decay: α emission Write down the symbol used to represent the alpha particle. (HIGHER) What happens to the atomic number and mass number of a nucleus when it emits an alpha particle? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 41 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 What happens in the nucleus when a beta particle is created? Write down (1) the relative mass and 1) (2) the relative charge of a β particle. β emission 2) Write down the symbol used to represent the beta particle. (HIGHER) What happens to the atomic number and mass number of an unstable nucleus when it emits a β particle? When does γ radiation take place in the nucleus? γ emission What are the properties of γ radiation? What happens to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus after γ radiation has been emitted? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 42 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 242–243 Physics : Pages 184-185 P2 6.4 More about alpha, beta and gamma radiation Describe the two steps that should be used to find the count rate due to a radioactive source using a Geiger counter. 1) 2) How can we test the range of the source in the air? Penetrating power Radiation type Fill in the table, giving the absorber materials that can stop each type of radiation and the thickness needed. Absorber material Thickness needed alpha beta gamma How does gamma radiation move through air? What is a β particle? The nature of alpha, beta and gamma radiation: deflection by a magnetic field Why are α particles deflected in the opposite direction to β particles? Why are α particles harder to deflect than β particles? What does gamma radiation consist of? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 43 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 The diagram show radiation passing through an electric field. Label the separated beams as ‘alpha’, ‘beta’ and ‘gamma’ radiation. Deflection by an electric field What other type of field could be used to deflect radiation? When an alpha particle passes through an electric field, what can be said about the force deflecting it, compared to a beta particle? Why is this? What is ionisation? Radioactivity dangers Why can ionisation be a danger when radiation passes through a living thing? Which type of radiation is more dangerous in the body and why? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 44 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 244–245 Physics : Pages 186-187 P2 6.5 Half-life What do we mean by the ‘activity’ of a radioactive isotope? How do we measure the count rate due to a sample? Half-life What can you say about the average time taken for the count rate to fall by a half? What do we mean by ‘half-life’? After one half-life, what will have happened to the count rate? The random nature of radioactive decay Why do we say that radioactivity is a random process? Why can we predict how many atoms will decay in a certain time? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 45 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 246–247 Physics : Pages 188-189 P2 6.6 Radioactivity at work What two factors need to be considered when choosing a radioactive substance for a particular job? Automatic thickness monitoring 1) 2) When is automatic thickness monitoring used? How does an automatic thickness monitor know when the foil is too thick? What does the detector then do to correct the thickness? What are radioactive tracers used for? 1) Radioactive tracers Radioactive iodine is used as a radioactive tracer in patients with suspected blocked kidneys. Give three reasons for choosing radioactive iodine. 2) 3) What are (1) carbon dating and (2) uranium dating used for? Radioactive dating 1) 2) Which has a longer half-life: radioactive carbon or uranium? What is measured during carbon dating? What needs to be measured during uranium dating? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 46 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 250-251 Physics: Pages 192–193 P2 7.1 Nuclear fission 7. En erg y from the nucleu s What happens to the nucleus of a fissionable substance during the process of nuclear fission? Chain reactions What does the term ‘chain reaction’ refer to? What are fission neutrons? Fission neutrons What two forms of energy are released during nuclear fission? 1) 2) In a nuclear fission reactor, what ensures that energy is released at a steady rate? What fuel do most nuclear reactors currently use? Which uranium isotope is fissionable? Fissionable isotopes What percentage of natural uranium is fissionable? Give an example of a fissionable isotope that U-238 nuclei can change into in a uranium reactor. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 47 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Label the following diagram of a reactor core. Inside a reactor Why do the fission neutrons need to be slowed in the reactor? What is the role of the control rods? Why is the reactor core made from thick steel? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 48 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 252-253 Physics: Pages 194–195 P2 7.2 Nuclear fusion What happens during nuclear fusion? What does the core of the Sun consist of? Fusion reactions When do nuclei in the Sun fuse together? What is formed when two protons fuse together? What happens to the energy released at each stage of nuclear fusion in the Sun? Why will two nuclei approaching each other repel each other? Fusion reactors How can this repulsion be overcome? When did scientists start working on building a successful nuclear reactor? Why are fusion reactors an important area of research? A promising future Give two advantages that nuclear fusion has over nuclear fission for generating electricity. Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 1) 2) Page 49 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 254-255 Physics: Pages 196–197 P2 7.3 Nuclear issues (How Science Works) On average, what radiation dose does a person in the UK get each year as a result of nuclear weapons testing? What about from natural radioactivity in the air? Why do the medical sources of radiation include X-rays? Radioactivity all around us Where has the radon gas in the air come from? Why is radon gas dangerous? Where are used fuel rods from nuclear reactors stored after removal? What happens to the waste after it has been cooled? When did the Chernobyl accident happen? Chernobyl Describe how the accident could have been avoided. How many nuclear reactors are now in operation around the world? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 50 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 What type of radiation is the most dangerous if it gets inside the body? 1) Radioactive risks Give three ways that workers at risk from ionising radiation can minimise their exposure to the radiation. 2) 3) What are the new reactors called that will replace most of the world’s nuclear reactors over the next 20 years? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 51 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 256-257 Physics: Pages 198–199 P2 7.4 The early universe (How Science Works) What was created in the Big Bang? What happened to the universe as it expanded? The early universe Which two particles were formed when the universe was only 100 seconds old? Which galaxy do the stars we see in the night sky belong to? How many galaxies are in the universe? The Dark Age of the universe The force of gravity takes over What was the universe like during its ‘Dark Age’? Which bodies formed to end the Dark Age of the universe? How did the force of gravity end the Dark Age of the universe? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 52 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 258-259 Physics: Pages 200–201 P2 7.5 The life history of a star What are stars formed from? The birth of a star What is a protostar? What happens when the protostar heats up? What are main sequence stars? Shining stars Which two forces have to be balanced for a star to be stable? 1) 2) When will these forces cease to be balanced? What are the stages in the life of a low-mass star? The end of a star What type of star will the Sun eventually become? What happens during the collapse of a red supergiant? What happens to the core of a highmass star after a supernova occurs? What remains after a supernova occurs? What is formed if the star is massive enough? Why is a black hole black? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 53 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12 Additional Science: Pages 260-261 Physics: Pages 202–203 P2 7.6 How the chemical elements formed How are light chemical elements formed in stars? What is the heaviest element that can be formed during fusion? The birthplace of the chemical elements What does the debris from a supernova contain? What will eventually happen to the debris? What is the heaviest known natural element? What does the presence of this element on the Earth suggest? Planet Earth How can scientists make elements that are heavier than uranium? Why aren’t heavier elements such as plutonium naturally present on the Earth? Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2 Page 54 of 48 © ZigZag Education 2011-12