Download P2 - Learning Grids blank File

1. Motio n
Additional Science: Pages 166–167
Physics: Pages 108-109
P2 1.1 Distance–time graphs
What does the gradient line on a
distance–time graph represent?
Distance–time graphs
On a distance–time graph for a car,
what happens to the line on the
graph when the speed is increased?
How could we tell from the graph if
the car was stationary?
What is the scientific unit of speed?
Speed
Write down the equation for
calculating the speed of an object
moving at constant speed.
Why are long-distance vehicles fitted
with tachographs?
Speed in action
How can you use a distance–time
graph to calculate the speed a lorry
was travelling at?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 1 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 168–169
Physics: Pages 110-111
P2 1.2 Velocity and acceleration
What is velocity?
Velocity
Why does the velocity of a plane
change as it ‘loops the loop’ at
constant speed?
What is acceleration?
Acceleration
What is the scientific unit of
acceleration?
Write down the equation used to
calculate acceleration.
In the alternative equation
a = (v-u)/t, what do the letters ‘u’
and ‘v’ represent?
What is deceleration?
Deceleration
Give another name for deceleration.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 2 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 170–171
Physics : Pages 112-113
P2 1.3 More about velocity–time graphs
When an object is accelerating, why
does the line on its velocity–time
graph go up?
Investigating acceleration
How can we tell from a velocity–
time graph whether the acceleration
of an object was constant?
What does the gradient of a line on a
velocity–time graph represent?
Braking
(HIGHER)
Using the area under the
line
What would the line look like on a
velocity–time graph for an object
moving at constant speed?
If the line goes down, what does this
tell us about the motion of the
object?
How do we find the distance
travelled from a velocity–time
graph?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 3 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 172–173
Physics : Pages 114-115
P2 1.4 Using graphs
Look at the following graph, drawn
for an object moving at constant
speed.
1)
1) What does the height of the
triangle represent?
Using distance–time graphs
2) Write down the equation for
finding the gradient of the
diagonal line.
2)
2. Fo rces
What does the gradient of a
distance–time graph tell us?
Now use the graph to calculate the
speed of the object.
What can we tell about the speed of
an object if its distance–time graph
is not a straight line?
On a velocity–time graph, what does
the height of the line (or triangle)
represent?
Using velocity–time graphs
What does the base of the triangle
represent?
Why does the gradient of a velocity–
time graph represent acceleration?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 4 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Using velocity–time graphs
(cont.)
Using the graph shown, calculate the
acceleration.
How would you calculate the
distance travelled from the graph?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 5 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 176–177
Physics : Pages 118-119
P2 2.1 Forces between objects
What happens when you apply a
force to squeeze a tube of
toothpaste?
Forces between objects
What happens when you apply more
force?
1)
Name three things that forces can do
to an object.
2)
3)
When two objects push or pull on
each other, what can you say about
the forces acting?
Equal and opposite forces
What is the unit of force?
If a kick-boxer kicks his opponent
with a force of 60 N, what force will
he experience?
When a tractor is used to pull a car
out of the mud, which force must be
greater than the force of the mud on
the car?
In the mud
Why aren’t these forces necessarily
equal to one another?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 6 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
For a moving car, where does
friction act?
Direction of car
Friction in action
Label arrows A and B on the
diagram, showing the friction forces
acting when the car is in motion.
A
B
Arrow A:
Arrow B:
What can you say about the two
forces you labelled?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 7 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 178–179
Physics : Pages 120-121
Resultant force
P2 2.2 Resultant force
What is the resultant force on an
object?
What happens to a stationary object if
the resultant force on the object is
zero?
Zero resultant force
What would you observe if the object
was in motion (still with a resultant
force of zero)?
When a heavy box is pushed across
the floor at constant velocity, what
can be said about the resultant force
on the box?
How can you find the resultant force
on a jet during take-off?
How could the take-off speed be
increased?
When the driver of a race car applies
the brakes, how large is the braking
force compared to the engine force?
Non-zero resultant force
Draw an arrow on the diagram to
indicate the direction of the resultant
force that acts when the driver applies
the brakes.
How would you calculate the resultant
force acting on the car?
How would you calculate the resultant
force on an object when two forces
are acting in the same direction?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 8 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 180–181
Physics : Pages 122-123
P2 2.3 Force and acceleration
If the resultant force on an object is
increased, what will happen to its
acceleration?
Write down the word equation that
links the resultant force, the mass
and the acceleration.
Rewrite the word equation using
symbols.
Name
Force and acceleration
Complete the table, giving the name,
symbol and unit for each element of
the equation.
Symbol
Unit
m
kilograms
resultant force
a
Using the equation, calculate the
resultant force acting on an object of
mass 2 kg and an acceleration of
3 m/s2.
Write down the rearranged version
of the equation used to find
acceleration
Speeding up or slowing
down
True or false: the acceleration of an
object is in the opposite direction to
the resultant force acting on it?
What happens to the speed of an
object if the resultant force acts in
the opposite direction to its
velocity?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 9 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 182–183
Physics : Pages 124-125
P2 2.4 On the road
Give two examples of resistive forces
acting on a car in motion.
Forces on the road
1)
2)
Write down an equation which can be
used to find the braking force needed
to stop a vehicle.
How does the braking force needed
to stop a vehicle depend on the speed
of the vehicle?
What other factor affects the braking
force needed?
What is the stopping distance of a car?
Write down the word equation for
finding the stopping distance.
Stopping distances
What does the thinking distance
depend on?
How can the thinking distance be
calculated?
How can the braking distance be
calculated?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 10 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Factors affecting stopping
distances
For each of the following factors
affecting braking distance, state
whether it increases the thinking
distance or the braking distance.
Tiredness
Name two factors which increase
both the thinking and braking
distances.
1)
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Driving a poorly maintained vehicle
Alcohol
2)
Page 11 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 184–185
Physics : Pages 126-127
P2 2.5 Falling objects
Where on the Earth can you go if
you want to reduce your weight?
What will happen to your mass?
What is the difference between
weight and mass?
Give the units of weight and mass.
Weight:
Mass:
What is the unit of gravitational field
strength?
How to reduce your weight
What is the value of the Earth’s
gravitational field strength at the
Earth’s surface?
Write down a word equation you
could use to find the weight of an
object.
Rewrite the equation using symbols.
Calculate the weight in newtons of a
person of mass 60 kg standing on
the Earth’s surface.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 12 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
What is the acceleration of a falling
object acted on only by gravity?
What is this acceleration known as?
How would you find the resultant
force on an object falling through a
fluid?
The force of falling objects
What is the terminal velocity of a
falling object?
What is the value of the resultant
force on the object when it has
reached terminal velocity?
What is the drag force called for an
object moving through air?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 13 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 186–187
Physics : Pages 128-129
P2 2.6 Stretching and squashing
What do we mean when we say that
an object is elastic?
Give two examples of elastic objects.
Stretching and squashing
1)
2)
A weight is hung from a spring. Write
down a word equation to calculate
the extension of the spring.
A graph is drawn of the extension of
the spring against the weight added.
The graph line is straight and goes
through the origin. What does this
tell us?
What kind of energy is stored in a
stretched spring?
Elastic energy
What happens to this energy when
the spring is released?
What is Hooke’s law?
Hooke’s law
What happens when a spring is
stretched beyond its limit or
proportionality?
Write down Hooke’s law as an
equation.
What is the spring constant?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 14 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 188–189
Physics : Pages 130-131
P2 2.7 Force and speed issues
Why do vehicles use more fuel when
travelling at greater speeds?
Speed costs
Apart from reducing speed, how can
the fuel used by lorries be reduced?
1)
Speed kills!
Give two reasons why driving at high
speeds is dangerous to pedestrians.
2)
Why might a speeding motorist be
discouraged by speed cameras?
Speed cameras
What are average speed cameras?
Why are anti-skid surfaces designed
to be rougher than normal road
surfaces?
Anti-skid surfaces
When does skidding usually happen?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 15 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 192–193
Physics : Pages 134-135
P2 3.1 Energy and work
3. W ork, en erg y and mom entum
What happens to an object when
work is done on it?
When a heavy object is lifted, 10 J of
work is done on it. How much
energy has been transferred to the
object?
In words, write down the equation
used to calculate the work does by a
force.
Working out
Name
Complete the table, giving the
names, symbols and units used in
the equation.
Symbol
Unit
work done
newtons, N
d
How much work is done pushing a
box 2 m across the ground with a
force of 6 N?
Why do your hands become warm if
you rub them together?
Friction at work
What happens to the kinetic energy
of a vehicle when the brakes are
applied?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 16 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 194–195
Physics : Pages 136-137
P2 3.2 Gravitational potential energy
What is gravitational potential
energy?
If 500 J of work is done lifting an
object, how much gravitational
potential energy has the object
gained?
Gravitational potential
energy transfers
What happens to the gravitational
energy of the object when it is put
down again?
What two things does the work done 1)
on an object moving up or down
depend on?
2)
Write down the word equation for
calculating the change of
gravitational potential energy.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 17 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Why can astronauts lift objects much
more easily on the moon than they
can on Earth?
Fill in the gaps of the following
equation.
Change of gravitational
potential energy
=
×
gravitational field
strength
×
Rewrite this equation using symbols.
Gravitational potential
energy and mass
Calculate the gravitational potential
energy gained by a ball of mass
0.2 kg when it is lifted 1 m into the
air. The gravitational field strength
on the surface of the Earth is 10
N/kg.
What is power?
What is the unit of power?
Write down a word equation that
could be used to find power.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 18 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 196–197
Physics : Pages 138-139
Kinetic energy
The kinetic energy formula
P2 3.3 Kinetic energy
What two things does the kinetic
energy of an object depend on?
1)
Complete the kinetic energy
equation.
Kinetic energy = ½ ×
2)
×
What unit is kinetic energy
measured in?
What do the letters KERS stand for?
What are KERS used for?
What is elastic potential energy?
Using elastic potential
energy
When firing an arrow from a bow,
what happens to the elastic energy
stored in the bow?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 19 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 198–199
Physics : Pages 140-141
P2 3.4 Momentum
How is the momentum of a moving
object calculated?
What is the unit of momentum?
Which symbol is used to represent
momentum?
Momentum
Calculate the momentum of a
person of mass 60 kg walking at a
velocity of 4 m/s.
Write down the law of conservation
of momentum.
What happens to the momentum
when a vehicle crashes into the back
of a line of cars?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 20 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 200–201
Physics : Pages 142-143
Explosions
P2 3.5 Explosions
When a skateboarder jumps off his
skateboard, the skateboard flies
away from him. What can you say
about the momentum of the
skateboard?
Why does the skateboard move
away more quickly than the
skateboarder?
Does momentum have a direction?
Conservation of momentum
If the total momentum before an
explosion is zero, what will the total
momentum be after the explosion?
Which scientific law does this
follow?
What happens to the barrel of a gun
when the gun is fired?
Momentum in action
How can this effect be minimised in
artillery guns?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 21 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 202–203
Physics : Pages 144-145
P2 3.6 Impact forces
What happens to the momentum of
a car during a front-end impact?
Impact forces
How would a crumple zone at the
front of the car reduce the force of
an impact?
Write down an equation used to
calculate the impact force of a tennis
ball from its mass and (negative)
acceleration on impact with a racket.
Impact time
If the deceleration of the ball is 100
m/s2 when it hits the racket and the
mass of the ball is 0.1 kg, calculate
the impact force on the racket.
When two vehicles collide, what
happens to the total momentum?
Two-vehicle collisions
What assumption have you made?
If a heavy lorry crashes into the back
of a light car, what happens to the
car?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 22 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 204–205
Physics : Pages 146-147
P2 3.7 Car safety
1)
Clunk click!
Give three ways that seat belts help
to protect people in accidents.
2)
3)
Air bags
What advantage do air bags have
over seat belts?
Who does the child car seat law
apply to?
Child car seats
Why was this law brought in?
Who is responsible for making sure
that children in a car are seated
safely?
Why do car manufacturers always
include seat belts in their cars?
Safety costs
Why do car makers often choose not
to include side impact bars in their
cars?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 23 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 208–209
Physics : Pages 150-151
P2 4.1 Electrical charges
4. Cu rrent electricit y
Electrical charges
What happens when you rub a
balloon with your clothes?
Why will the balloon then stick to the
ceiling?
How does a Van de Graaff generator
charge up?
The Van de Graaff generator
What happens when the charge on
the dome builds up too much?
Link each component of an atom with
its charge.
Inside the atom
Proton
Neutral
Electron
Positive
Neutron
Negative
What is the name given to a charged
atom?
What happens to the charge of an
uncharged atom when you add more
electrons?
Why does an uncharged atom become
positive when you remove electrons
from it?
Charging by friction
Why does rubbing a polythene rod
with a dry cloth make the rod
negatively charged?
Would two of these negatively
charged rods repel or attract each
other?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 24 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 210–211
Physics : Pages 152-153
P2 4.2 Electrical circuits
What does a circuit diagram show?
How can you tell which component
is which?
Electrical circuits
Circle the symbol which represents a
resistor.
What could the other symbol
represent?
What is an electric current?
What determines the size of an
electric current?
What is the unit of electric current?
What is the unit of electric charge?
Electric current
Write down an equation used to find
the electric current.
How can we write the equation
using symbols?
Calculate the current through a
resistor when a charge of 12 C
passes through it over 2 s.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 25 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 212–213
Physics : Pages 154-155
P2 4.3 Resistance
Name a component that could be
used to measure the current across
the bulb in an electrical circuit.
What unit is current measured in?
What component could be used to
measure the potential difference
across the bulb?
Write down an equation used to
calculate the potential difference
across the bulb, giving the unit of
each term.
Ammeters and voltmeters
When the circuit is switched on, 5 C
of charge passes through the bulb
and 30 J of energy is transferred to
the bulb. Use the equation to
calculate the potential difference
across the bulb.
The resistance of an electrical
component is defined as resistance =
potential difference ÷ current.
Rewrite this equation using symbols
(letters).
Write down the rearranged versions
of this equation that you would use
to find 1) voltage and 2) current.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
1)
2)
Page 26 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Write down Ohm’s law.
Current–potential
difference graphs
Complete the current–potential
difference graph for a wire at
constant temperature.
Why is a wire known as an ‘ohmic
conductor’?
What happens to the potential
difference across a component when
you reverse the current through it?
What effect would reversing the
potential difference have on the shape
of the line in the graph above?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 27 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 214–215
Physics : Pages 156-157
More current–potential
difference graphs
P2 4.4 More current–potential difference graphs
When an electrical appliance fails,
what is the most likely cause?
Complete the current–potential
difference graph for a filament bulb.
Using current–potential
difference graphs:
a filament bulb
What does the shape of the line on
the graph tell us about the bulb?
What happens to the resistance of
the filament bulb as its temperature
is increased?
(HIGHER) Why does this happen?
What effect does reversing the
potential difference have on the
shape of the line?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 28 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Complete the current–potential
difference graph for a diode.
The diode
How can we tell from the graph that
a diode is not an ohmic conductor?
In the reverse direction, the current
through a diode is very small
compared to the current in the
forward direction. What does this
tell us about the resistance of the
diode?
What happens to the resistance of a
thermistor if the temperature is
increased?
Current–potential
difference graphs for a
thermistor and LDR
What does LDR stand for?
What happens to the resistance of an
LDR when the intensity of light falling
on it is increased?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 29 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 216–217
Physics : Pages 158-159
P2 4.5 Series circuits
What can you say about the current
passing through components in
series with each other?
Circuit rules
Why is this?
What can you say about the
potential difference for components
in a series circuit?
Cells in series
How can we find the potential
difference of several cells in series?
The resistance rule for
components in series
For a series circuit made up several
components, how do we find the
total resistance of the components?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 30 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 218–219
Physics : Pages 160-161
Parallel circuits
P2 4.6 Parallel circuits
How could you calculate the total
current in a parallel circuit, if the
current through each of the
components is known?
What effect does increasing the
resistance of a component have on
the current through it?
Potential difference in a
parallel circuit
What can we say about the potential
difference in a parallel circuit?
What does the current through each
component in a parallel circuit
depend on?
Write down the equation used to
calculate the current, giving the
units.
Calculations on parallel
circuits
Calculate the current through a 6 Ω
resistor when a potential difference
of 12 V is applied to it.
The resistor is in a parallel circuit
with another, identical resistor.
Calculate the total current from the
battery if the potential difference
across each resistor is unchanged.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 31 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 222–223
Physics : Pages 164-165
P2 5.1 Alternating current
5. M ain s electr icit y
What is meant by the term ‘direct
current’?
Alternating current
What is meant by the term
‘alternating current’?
What is the mains frequency in the
UK?
Name the two types of wire that
every mains circuit has.
Mains circuits
1)
2)
Which of these wires is dangerous
and why?
Which device can we use to observe
alternating potential differences?
Measuring an alternating
potential difference
More about mains circuits
(HIGHER): How would you use an
oscilloscope to measure the
frequency of an alternating current?
The voltage of a mains live wire
alternates between 325 V and
-325 V. What direct voltage is this
equivalent to (in terms of electrical
power)?
(HIGHER): The frequency of the mains
supply is 50 Hz. What would the
frequency be if each cycle took 0.04
seconds instead of 0.02 seconds?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 32 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 224–225
Physics : Pages 166-167
P2 5.2 Cables and plugs
Why does an appliance with a metal
casing need to be earthed?
Why are sockets and plug cases
made of plastic materials?
Cables and plugs
Draw the double insulation symbol,
carried by appliances with plastic
casing.
What are the three pins of a threepin plug?
1)
2)
3)
Give three reasons for making the
pins out of brass.
Plugs, sockets and cables
What colour are the three wires in a
three-pin plug?
What do mains cables consist of?
Why are the cables that join wall
sockets on a house thicker than the
cables joining the light fittings?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 33 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 226–227
Physics : Pages 168-169
P2 5.3 Fuses
What is the purpose of a fuse?
Fuses
What is the rating of a fuse?
What might happen if a fuse of the
wrong rating is fitted for a mains
appliance?
The earth connection of an
appliance with a metal casing is
broken. What else has to happen for
the appliance to become dangerous
to touch?
The importance of earthing
If the earth connection is mended,
why might the appliance still be
dangerous?
Why don’t appliances with plastic
cases need to be earthed?
Circuit breakers
What is a circuit breaker?
Give two advantages of using circuit
breakers over fuses.
1)
2)
What does RCCB stand for?
When does an RCCB cut off the
current?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 34 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 228–229
Physics : Pages 170-171
Electrical power and
potential difference
P2 5.4 Electrical power and potential difference
Write down a word equation used to
find the power of an appliance from
the energy transferred by the
appliance. Include the units.
A microwave transfers 60,000 J over
100 s. Calculate its power.
Write down the equation used to
find the power supplied to an
appliance from the current and
potential difference. Include the
units.
Calculating power
Rewrite the equation using letters.
Calculate the power supplied to a
0.2 A, 2 V lamp.
Write down the rearranged
equations used to find (1) potential
difference and (2) current.
Choosing a fuse
1)
2)
What are the three fuse ratings that
are commonly fitted within domestic
electrical appliances?
Which of these fuses would you use
for a 920 W, 230 V appliance?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 35 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 230–231
Physics : Pages 172-173
P2 5.5 Electrical energy and charge
What is the electric current through
an appliance?
What is the unit of charge?
Calculating charge
Write down the equation used to
calculate the electric charge from
the current.
Rewrite the equation using the
letters ‘I’, ‘Q’ and ‘t’.
Calculate the charge flow when the
current is 5 A for 1 minute.
Why does a resistor heat up when
connected to a battery?
(HIGHER)
Energy and potential
difference
What two factors does the energy
transferred in a certain time in a
resistor depend on?
1)
2)
Write down the equation used to
calculate the energy transferred
using these two factors, including
the units.
Calculate the energy transferred to a
resistor when the charge passing
through it is 200 C and the potential
difference is 30 V.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 36 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
(HIGHER)
Energy transfer in a circuit
A circuit consists of a 6 V battery
connected to a resistor and a
filament bulb. What can you say
about the sum of electrical energy
transferred to the resistor and the
bulb?
Each coulomb of charge leaves the
battery with 6 J of energy. If 4 J of
energy per coulomb is transferred to
the filament bulb, how much energy
per coulomb is transferred to the
resistor?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 37 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 232–233
Physics : Pages 174-175
P2 5.6 Electrical issues (How Science Works)
Give two reasons why electrical
faults are dangerous.
1)
2)
What causes electrical faults?
Fault prevention
How can electrical faults be
prevented?
When would an electrician select a
two-core cable to use?
Why does an electrician have to take
the thickness of wires into account?
Give examples of two factors in
addition to cost that should be
considered when choosing an
electrical appliance.
New bulbs for old
Name the two types of low-energy
light bulb.
1)
2)
1)
2)
Which of these bulbs are more
efficient?
Which low-energy bulbs are typically
used for room lighting? Why might
they be chosen over the other type?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 38 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 236–237
Physics : Pages 178-179
P2 6.1 Observing nuclear radiation
6. R adio activit y
A key discovery
How did a packet of uranium salts
form the image of a key on the film
developed by Henri Becquerel?
What prize was Marie Curie awarded
for the discovery of polonium and
radium?
What is likely to have caused Marie
Curie to fall ill with leukaemia?
Marie Curie
Name a device which can be used to
detect radioactivity.
Name the three types of radiation
given out by radioactive substances.
In each case, give the symbol.
1)
2)
3)
Which type of radiation can be
stopped using a sheet of paper?
Why do the unstable nuclei of
radioactive substances emit
radiation?
A radioactive puzzle
What term is used to describe the
emission of radiation from an atom?
Why do we say that the emission of
radiation is a random event?
The origins of background
radiation
Where can background radiation
come from?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 39 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 238–239
Physics : Pages 180-181
P2 6.2 The discovery of the nucleus
What famous discovery did Ernest
Rutherford make in 1913?
What experiments did he use to
prove his discovery?
How did Rutherford deduce that the
nuclei of atoms are positively
charged?
How did Rutherford deduce that the
The discovery of the nucleus atomic nucleus is much smaller than
the atom?
1)
Give three reasons why Rutherford’s
nuclear model was quickly accepted.
2)
3)
Goodbye to the plum
pudding model!
Describe the ‘plum pudding’ atomic
model.
Why did Rutherford’s experiments
disprove the plum pudding model?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 40 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 240–241
Physics : Pages 182-183
P2 6.3 Nuclear reactions
How is a charged particle formed?
What is a charged particle called?
What does the ‘atomic number’
refer to?
What symbol is the atomic number
given?
Nuclear reactions
What are isotopes?
What name is given to the number
of protons and neutrons in a
nucleus?
Label the symbols on the diagram
(representing an isotope) with the
terms ‘atomic symbol’, ‘atomic
number’ and ‘mass number’.
A
Xxx
Z
What does an alpha particle consist
of?
Radioactive decay:
α emission
Write down the symbol used to
represent the alpha particle.
(HIGHER) What happens to the atomic
number and mass number of a
nucleus when it emits an alpha
particle?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 41 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
What happens in the nucleus when a
beta particle is created?
Write down (1) the relative mass and
1)
(2) the relative charge of a β particle.
β emission
2)
Write down the symbol used to
represent the beta particle.
(HIGHER) What happens to the atomic
number and mass number of an
unstable nucleus when it emits a β
particle?
When does γ radiation take place in
the nucleus?
γ emission
What are the properties of γ
radiation?
What happens to the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus
after γ radiation has been emitted?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 42 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 242–243
Physics : Pages 184-185
P2 6.4 More about alpha, beta and gamma radiation
Describe the two steps that should
be used to find the count rate due to
a radioactive source using a Geiger
counter.
1)
2)
How can we test the range of the
source in the air?
Penetrating power
Radiation type
Fill in the table, giving the absorber
materials that can stop each type of
radiation and the thickness needed.
Absorber material
Thickness needed
alpha
beta
gamma
How does gamma radiation move
through air?
What is a β particle?
The nature of alpha, beta
and gamma radiation:
deflection by a magnetic
field
Why are α particles deflected in the
opposite direction to β particles?
Why are α particles harder to deflect
than β particles?
What does gamma radiation consist
of?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 43 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
The diagram show radiation passing
through an electric field. Label the
separated beams as ‘alpha’, ‘beta’
and ‘gamma’ radiation.
Deflection by an electric
field
What other type of field could be
used to deflect radiation?
When an alpha particle passes
through an electric field, what can
be said about the force deflecting it,
compared to a beta particle?
Why is this?
What is ionisation?
Radioactivity dangers
Why can ionisation be a danger
when radiation passes through a
living thing?
Which type of radiation is more
dangerous in the body and why?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 44 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 244–245
Physics : Pages 186-187
P2 6.5 Half-life
What do we mean by the ‘activity’ of
a radioactive isotope?
How do we measure the count rate
due to a sample?
Half-life
What can you say about the average
time taken for the count rate to fall
by a half?
What do we mean by ‘half-life’?
After one half-life, what will have
happened to the count rate?
The random nature of
radioactive decay
Why do we say that radioactivity is a
random process?
Why can we predict how many
atoms will decay in a certain time?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 45 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 246–247
Physics : Pages 188-189
P2 6.6 Radioactivity at work
What two factors need to be considered
when choosing a radioactive substance
for a particular job?
Automatic thickness
monitoring
1)
2)
When is automatic thickness
monitoring used?
How does an automatic thickness
monitor know when the foil is too thick?
What does the detector then do to
correct the thickness?
What are radioactive tracers used for?
1)
Radioactive tracers
Radioactive iodine is used as a
radioactive tracer in patients with
suspected blocked kidneys. Give three
reasons for choosing radioactive iodine.
2)
3)
What are (1) carbon dating and (2)
uranium dating used for?
Radioactive dating
1)
2)
Which has a longer half-life: radioactive
carbon or uranium?
What is measured during carbon dating?
What needs to be measured during
uranium dating?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 46 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 250-251
Physics: Pages 192–193
P2 7.1 Nuclear fission
7. En erg y from the nucleu s
What happens to the nucleus of a
fissionable substance during the
process of nuclear fission?
Chain reactions
What does the term ‘chain reaction’
refer to?
What are fission neutrons?
Fission neutrons
What two forms of energy are
released during nuclear fission?
1)
2)
In a nuclear fission reactor, what
ensures that energy is released at a
steady rate?
What fuel do most nuclear reactors
currently use?
Which uranium isotope is
fissionable?
Fissionable isotopes
What percentage of natural uranium
is fissionable?
Give an example of a fissionable
isotope that U-238 nuclei can change
into in a uranium reactor.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 47 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Label the following diagram of a
reactor core.
Inside a reactor
Why do the fission neutrons need to
be slowed in the reactor?
What is the role of the control rods?
Why is the reactor core made from
thick steel?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 48 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 252-253
Physics: Pages 194–195
P2 7.2 Nuclear fusion
What happens during nuclear
fusion?
What does the core of the Sun
consist of?
Fusion reactions
When do nuclei in the Sun fuse
together?
What is formed when two protons
fuse together?
What happens to the energy
released at each stage of nuclear
fusion in the Sun?
Why will two nuclei approaching
each other repel each other?
Fusion reactors
How can this repulsion be
overcome?
When did scientists start working on
building a successful nuclear
reactor?
Why are fusion reactors an
important area of research?
A promising future
Give two advantages that nuclear
fusion has over nuclear fission for
generating electricity.
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
1)
2)
Page 49 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 254-255
Physics: Pages 196–197
P2 7.3 Nuclear issues (How Science Works)
On average, what radiation dose
does a person in the UK get each
year as a result of nuclear weapons
testing?
What about from natural
radioactivity in the air?
Why do the medical sources of
radiation include X-rays?
Radioactivity all around us
Where has the radon gas in the air
come from?
Why is radon gas dangerous?
Where are used fuel rods from
nuclear reactors stored after
removal?
What happens to the waste after it
has been cooled?
When did the Chernobyl accident
happen?
Chernobyl
Describe how the accident could
have been avoided.
How many nuclear reactors are now
in operation around the world?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 50 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
What type of radiation is the most
dangerous if it gets inside the body?
1)
Radioactive risks
Give three ways that workers at risk
from ionising radiation can minimise
their exposure to the radiation.
2)
3)
What are the new reactors called
that will replace most of the world’s
nuclear reactors over the next
20 years?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 51 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 256-257
Physics: Pages 198–199
P2 7.4 The early universe (How Science Works)
What was created in the Big Bang?
What happened to the universe as it
expanded?
The early universe
Which two particles were formed
when the universe was only
100 seconds old?
Which galaxy do the stars we see in
the night sky belong to?
How many galaxies are in the
universe?
The Dark Age of the
universe
The force of gravity takes
over
What was the universe like during its
‘Dark Age’?
Which bodies formed to end the
Dark Age of the universe?
How did the force of gravity end the
Dark Age of the universe?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 52 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 258-259
Physics: Pages 200–201
P2 7.5 The life history of a star
What are stars formed from?
The birth of a star
What is a protostar?
What happens when the protostar
heats up?
What are main sequence stars?
Shining stars
Which two forces have to be
balanced for a star to be stable?
1)
2)
When will these forces cease to be
balanced?
What are the stages in the life of a
low-mass star?
The end of a star
What type of star will the Sun
eventually become?
What happens during the collapse of
a red supergiant?
What happens to the core of a highmass star after a supernova occurs?
What remains after a
supernova occurs?
What is formed if the star is massive
enough?
Why is a black hole black?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 53 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12
Additional Science: Pages 260-261
Physics: Pages 202–203
P2 7.6 How the chemical elements formed
How are light chemical elements
formed in stars?
What is the heaviest element that
can be formed during fusion?
The birthplace of the
chemical elements
What does the debris from a
supernova contain?
What will eventually happen to the
debris?
What is the heaviest known natural
element?
What does the presence of this
element on the Earth suggest?
Planet Earth
How can scientists make elements
that are heavier than uranium?
Why aren’t heavier elements such as
plutonium naturally present on the
Earth?
Learning Grids for GCSE AQA A Physics 2
Page 54 of 48
© ZigZag Education 2011-12