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CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 1 WWF Eastern & Southern Africa Regional Programme Office (ESARPO) GIS Unit WWF ESARPO A.C.S Plaza, Lenana Road P.O. Box 62440 00200 Nairobi Kenya Coastal East Africa Initiative: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Needs Assessment Project No: GE54 SUBMITTED TO: The Head of Terrestrial Coastal East Africa Initiative Final Report GIS Needs Assessment March 2012 Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 2 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Project Objectives ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Activities/Tasks ........................................................................................... 3 2.0 Understanding the Terms of Reference ....................................................................... 4 3.0 GIS DB Needs Assessment ..................................................................................... 5 3.1 The case of Mozambique ....................................................................................... 5 3.2 The case of Kenya .............................................................................................. 11 3.3 The case of Tanzania ......................................................................................... 12 4.0 GPS Data Collection & Integration into GIS/DB ....................................................... 13 5.0 Deliverables/Expected Outputs ................................................................................. 14 6.0 Recommendations..................................................................................................... 15 Appendix I: The Terms of Reference (TORs) .................................................................. 16 Appendix II: GIS DB Implementation Plan .................................................................... 17 The CEAI GIS DB Life Cycle ...................................................................................... 17 Objectives ............................................................................................................ 17 The DB development Life Cycle .............................................................................. 17 User Requirements Collection and Analysis................................................................. 18 3.2.1 CEAI’s Current Situation............................................................................... 19 3.2.3 CEAI’s DB Proposed Solution........................................................................ 20 3.2.4 System Requirements to realize the Proposed Solution ...................................... 21 Database Design Process ............................................................................................. 22 Conceptual Design (System Inputs/Outputs) ............................................................ 22 Logical Design (The Processes) ............................................................................. 23 Database (DB) Design Requirements ........................................................................... 24 Objective ............................................................................................................. 24 CEAI GIS DB Design Technical Approach:- ............................................................ 24 Software Installation and Configuration .................................................................. 24 Application Software Considerations ...................................................................... 25 The data capture/collection process ........................................................................ 25 Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 3 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background What is a G.I.S? A geographic information system (GIS) is a computerized system which integrates people, hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. Geography plays a role in nearly every decision we make. Choosing sites, targeting market segments, conservation planning, planning distribution networks, responding to emergencies, or redrawing property boundaries—all of these problems involve questions of geography. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. This system can be very effective in meeting Coastal East Africa Initiative (CEAI) objectives and goals as it embraces the modern technology advancement. 1.2 Project Objectives The objective of this exercise is to carry out a practical GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme of work with a focus on spatial planning, geo-reference database, supporting M&E frameworks and options for appropriate institutional set up, resourcing, design and capacity building of WWF staff and partners. The project will not only develop the system but also convert, to digital format, a significant portion of the paper maps. The proposed project builds upon, and strengthens the development of Geographic Data and the development and dissemination and use of spatial digital data through integration of spatial and attribute data and application developments that will support land use planning, spatial planning, habitat modelling, land information management, infrastructure, planning, development and management responsibilities within CEAI. Development of a geographical information system (GIS) spatial and spatially referenced information about the CEAI land is a key step in capacity building and developing an efficient ,reliable, timely and accurate information system which will assist in faster and accurate decision making within the CEAI Management. The project will also provide training and technical support for the system users. 1.2.1 Activities/Tasks 1. Undertake a GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme with a particular focus on addressing the 9 priority issues noted in Appendix I and the Review of CEAI GIS Status (Llewellyn et al 2011). 2. The Needs Assessment will be carried out primarily as a desk-based exercise building on the experience of the ESARPO GIS specialist and through gathering information on priority needs identified by CEAI staff, relevant CO/NO staff and partners (a list of those to be contacted will be established at start of the assignment) and through a visit to the CEAI office in Dar es Salaam. 3. Undertake a preliminary review and collate the existing GIS for priority landscapes and initiatives relevant to CEAI that has or is being gathered by the WWF network or partners. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 4 4. Produce a CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Report with options and recommendations on appropriate design, software, capacity building, institutional arrangements and resources required. 2.0 Understanding the Terms of Reference • • • • • • • • Undertake a GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme with a particular focus on addressing the 9 priority issues noted in the Terms of Reference (see Appendix I) and the Review of CEAI GIS Status (Llewellyn et al 2011). Spatial/GIS Database developed & Integrated with Attribute Information. Location and Detail Information displayed at the touch of a button via existing GIS Application Programs such as ArcGIS, Google Earth, Moabi and ArcExplorer. This interactive database will be useful for Spatial Planning and M&E works. The database will take into consideration all data types and formats for GIS and Remote Sensing such as Imagery, Photography, Raster files, vector files as well as statistical and attribute information. Hardware/Software Acquired: Budgets permitting, a Large Format Scanner and Computers + Networking including physical security provided and software installed (RDBMS & Spatial DB Engine, Desktop GIS and Statistical SPSS as well as Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation Applications). Capacity building through Seminars/Workshops for staff held for Awareness Creation and User Training. Ad-hoc Data held in Hardcopy Plans/Maps computerized (Scanned & Digitized) so as to have layers in GIS format for interactions with other existing layers as well as new layers to be collected during field campaigns or to be mobilized from holding data centres. Products & Services (Enhanced Access/Manipulation) tested and signed off. Ownership & Copy rights (End User License) well defined and Implemented for purposes of Data Sharing and signing of MoUs for the success of this objective. Already ESARPO has developed a comprehensive Master License User (MLA) to take care of this. This study will also look at this MLA and see how it will be implemented. Aligning the GIS and RS Data, People, Hardware and Procedures to Local Government/Administrative units that make sense to the local populations and communities that will benefit from the system. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 5 3.0 GIS DB Needs Assessment 3.1 The case of Mozambique Background: There has been some GIS training of WWF (5) and government partners institution (3) staff working within the RL under the “Measures Projects” ; GIS software (Arc-GIS 9.3) was installed in various PCs, however the license has long expired and no renewal was made. Trained staff have carried out some field data collection and analysis and production of maps. As the project ended and the software expired, no additional training or data collection was carried out, nor is there a planed work to continue to use the skills gained. Therefore the requirements are, but not conclusive, the following in terms of: 1. Competence levels in different software applications: 1.1. Refreshment course for those previously trained under the “Measure Project” 1.2. Integrate new staff including from government partners institution in training to expand the base for field data collection and processing 2. Capacity building needs: 2.1. Training in GIS handling (software and hardware, data collection and processing, quick/simple data analysis and interpretation, etc) 2.2. Support the establishment/strengthening of a centralized platform and data management system (normally government institution with established GIS would be the best to support) 2.3. Support the acquisition and maintenance of appropriate software and hardware 3. Data requirements (and possible institutional networking to obtain these) 3.1. Rovuma Landscape thematic maps (vegetation, hydrology, geology and soil, settlements and access roads, administrative boundaries to the village/ward level, land use tenure, climate data etc) as base maps 4. Staffing (HR deficiency) needs. 4.1. We need to have one staff dedicated to maintain the database A study carried out by WWF-US lead by Jessica Forrest had identified the following GIS DB issues: Problem #1: GIS data is sitting on individual computers. It is difficult to know what others have to actually put the data to use The recommended route for a business with multiple GIS users to manage their database is to store the master database on a server or networked computer. This can be done inexpensively through the use of a network switch and cables to relevant computers. The database should be backed up daily. For Pemba, the group decided to have a dedicated GIS computer to host the Master GIS Database. A user could then opt to do analysis on the GIS computer itself. Or, the user could plug their PC in to the GIS network to access the master GIS computer over the network. The GIS user could also choose to download data from the GIS computer to a laptop when remote work is necessary, do GIS analysis on the laptop, and upload products and new data to the computer. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 6 For this, hardware and software requirements include: 1. GIS-capable computer with a shared folder for the database (computers recommended below). 2. Network switch 3. Network cables for additional computers to plug in and work from the master database 4. Two tape drives for backup. Set to back up 1 day per week (or nightly) and rotate, always keeping one off-site. 5. Concurrent license of ArcGIS Desktop (license key should have arrived in Maputo) 6. Antivirus software, malware, firewall In addition, there is a need to recommend and agree upon a database structure, so that all are in agreement with where data should be stored in the master database 1a. Hardware and Software GIS computer requirements and recommendation: 1) Minimum requirements: Windows XP, 2000, or VISTA; 2 GB RAM; 2 GHz processor speed; Intel (single user system) 2) Recommended: High performance desktop computer. A computer of this quality may allow at least multiple users to work off the database at a time. Laptops (less recommended): A laptop is not as recommended since they tend to be less powerful and more likely to “walk off”. However, some good laptops exist. If a laptop is chosen, it would be good to lock the laptop down and have a docking station with a proper monitor. Choose: 8 GB Ram, Intel(R) Core(TM) 2 Duo Processor T9900 (3.06 GHz, 6 MB L2 Cache, 1066MHz FSB), 320 GB (size of the back-up computer) 3) Back up: computer should be set to back up regularly. The ideal set up is to have the computer back up to a tape drive nightly or weekly. Two tapes should be purchased and rotated with each backup so one is always away from the office. A portable hard drive is also possible to use but these are not as reliable and more likely to fail at some point. One could rotate portable hard drives as one rotates tapes. 1b. Proposed GIS Database Structure for the Quirimbas National Park/WWF office The GIS database for the Pemba office. It includes data mostly for the north of Mozambique, but not limited to this region. It also includes ArcGIS documents, maps, and other documents produced here. The other offices in Mozambique may have similar databases. All GIS data with the master copy in Pemba. Note that all data for northern Mozambique should be in either decimal degrees (Geographic WGS 84) or the Universal Transverse Mercator appropriate to Northern Mozambique (UTM 37 South, Datum: Arc 1960). The UTM 37s projection is also consistent with the Ruvuma-wide analysis. The projection should be noted in the file name (ie, [Data name]_UTM37S or [Data name]_DD). Data should be accompanied by metadata indicating source, date represented, and how it was produced. Metadata should preferably be in xml format (as produced with ArcCatalog), but appropriate documentation could also be in the form Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 7 of PDF documents or reports, word, or text file. Access: includes access and threat models such as the human footprint, cost model, threat models, and others Administrative\... administrative boundary data, including country, province, and district boundaries. Carbon\... carbon data, such as H. Gibbs’ global carbon dataset, or those produced locally Cities_and_Places\... location data on cities, settlements, and cultural places Elevation\... elevation data at various scales. Different sources or scales should be included in different sub-folders. Sources include HydroSHEDs (30s, 15s, 3s), and Aster (30 m), and potentially that derived from topo maps. Geology\... includes data on geology, soil, mineral distribution, landform Habitat\... ecoregions and other habitat data (land cover data should go in the land cover folder) Human_Activities\... data focus on local human activities, divided into subfolders. These activities tend to be distinguished from other activities in that they may have a shorter temporal effect on the landscape or wildlife when compared with land use. More permanent land use data are included in land_use Human_Activities\Human_Wildlife_Conflict\.. data on crop damage, human death, and elephant killing Human_Activities\Illegal_Activities\... data on illegal activities Human_Activities\Illegal_Activities\Poaching\... Human_Activities\Illegal_Activities\Logging\... Human_Activities\Illegal_Activities\Burning\… or derived) illegal killing of wildlife data on illegal logging data on human caused burning. (GPS-collected Fire\... fire data, whether by human, natural, or unknown causes. (this could be mostly MODIS-derived, link to burning folder) GPS\Terrestrial raw data is downloaded here from GPS. Once it is properly attributed and converted to shapefile, it can be moved to the appropriate data folder (human activities, species). Raw files should be labeled to indicate: [year-month-day of download]_[Initials of person]_[Trip Mission].shp GPS\Marine same as above, but for marine Hydrology\... Imagery\... data on basins, rivers, lakes, groundwater satellite and aerial imagery. Divide into folders as needed based on sensor, then location Infrastructure\... current and planned infrastructure, such as roads, rails, bridges, ports Infrastructure\Current\... existing infrastructure Infrastructure\Planned\... planned infrastructure Land_Use\... human land use, including permanent use or zones delineated through a zoning process. Includes protected areas, village land use plans, etc. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Land_Use\Current\... Page 8 data on how people currently use the land Land_Use\Planned\District… district or village level land use plans. Land_Use\Planned\Large-Scale…larger scale land use plans, such as the Mtwara development corridor. The compatible human activity may also go here. Landcover\... land cover or vegetation maps, usually as visible by satellite. This folder may include coarse scale land use-landcover maps. Subdivide into folders by source Marine\... data referring to the marine system Marine\Habitats… data on marine habitats. Can include reefs, mangroves, bleaching, seagrass, intertidal areas, estuaries, etc. Marine\Bathymetry… data on ocean depth Marine\Human_Activities… includes the location of legal and illegal activities, divided into subfolders by type Marine\Management_Zones.. management zones describing where different activities are legal or recommended (be sure to mark as such). Protected area boundaries for marine can go here (but also in protected_areas\...) Marine\Species… species observations and distributions. Subfolders may include marine mammals (for species such as whale, dugong, dolphins), fish, and exotic species Protected_Areas\... protected area boundaries, including official and proposed, terrestrial and marine Socio-economic\... socioeconomic data (health, education, population, income, etc.) Species\... terrestrial species observations and distributions. Subfolders by taxa (birds, mammals, amphibians…) and/or degree of endangerment GIS\Pemba\maps\... Completed maps in jpeg or other graphics format. Should be subdivided into folders by topic. Maps should be labeled using the following scheme: [Title]_[Initials of Author]_[Date] GIS\Pemba\projects\... ArcGIS map documents. Folder can be subdivided by project or topic. ArcMap document names should include: [Map title] _ [Initials of author] _ [version date]. The project folder can also include data produced (in subfolders) to support that particular ArcMap document or analysis. The root “projects” folder can contain map templates or documents used for viewing. These should include: 1. A map document with most frequently viewed shapefiles, which people can use to turn layers on and off, and zoom around. A GIS user can also save a copy of the file to produce a map. 2. A map document with GPS data as it’s brought in from the field. See section #2 for more details. Example: GIS\Pemba\Projects\Human-Elephant-Conflict\ Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 9 Example: folder includes all ArcMap documents focused on human-elephant conflict. Different authors and versions are indicated in the naming convention and date of the ArcMap documents. GIS\Pemba\Projects\Human-Elephant-Conflict\Data_[Author initials]\ A subfolder for each author to save intermediate data files needed to produce their map or analysis on human-elephant conflict, but are not useful for moving to the master database. Note that data that ARE produced in analysis or mapping and useful for others SHOULD be moved to the master database folder. Problem #2: There is no process for viewing data brought in from the field Currently, there is no process for viewing new data brought in from the field. The following process is suggested: 1. Field staff collect data. GPS should be configured to collect data in decimal degrees, datum WGS 84. 2. GPS data should be downloaded to the folder: c:\GIS\Pemba\data\GPS\ 3. Data should be properly attributed with the following information. Excel is a good editor to use: a. Waypoint ID (wpt_ID) or Track ID (track_ID): ID of the waypoint, or unique id for a track segment. This should match the GPS b. Description (desc): description of location or track as denoted in the field c. Habitat: type of habitat in which the waypoint or track was collected d. X_coord: x-coordinate (or longitude) recorded by the GPS. e. Y_coord: y-coordinate (or latitude) recorded by the GPS f. Projection (project): projection of the original data (should always be Geographic WGS 84, but always note projection in the file) g. Date: Date data was collected (automatic from GPS) h. Time: Time of collection (from GPS) i. Altitude: Altitude of point (from GPS) j. GPS Name (GPS_name): Name of the GPS used to collect the data k. Data collector (Data_coll): Name of person that gathered the GPS data l. GIS importer (GIS_imp): Name of person importing data to GIS m. Description code (descr_code): This could standardize the Description column into a smaller set of selected terms to make data analysis or selection easier. I suggest labeling in fairly broad categories first, perhaps identical to the folder name that designates it’s category i. poaching ii. logging iii. burning iv. crop-raiding v. human kill vi. species name categories…. n. Additional attributes collected as part of the survey Excel worksheet should be labeled [year-month-day of download]_[Initials of person]_[Trip Mission]. An additional worksheet can indicate notes describing survey design, or additional notes about the mission as a whole that could inform the type of analysis to be undertaken. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 10 4. Plot data from the excel spreadsheet as an event theme in the GPS data viewer map document, located at: C:\GIS\Pemba\Projects\ 5. Data should be exported to shapefile and stored in the Data\GPS folder. Naming convention should be: [year-month-day of download]_[Initials of person]_[Trip Mission].shp (similar to worksheet name). Projection should be saved as WGS 84. 6. The shapefile can then be loaded back to the ArcMap document and displayed by description or description code. 7. Data in the shapefile may cover different themes (illegal activities, species, etc.). Thus, data can be further divided or selected into separate thematic shapefiles, merged with other files, and stored in respective folders. 3. There is no one in charge of GIS management in the Pemba office Having a GIS manager is critical to ensuring that agreed GIS management practices are implanted by all. The job of the GIS manager is to 1) ensure that the GIS hardware and database are set up according to the agreed procedure; 2) ensure that GIS staff regularly update the database and that it remains the “master database” or authoritative data source for the Pemba office; 3) Ensure that questions and problems are addressed. Larger issues involving the groups’ agreement should be addressed in weekly or twice-monthly meetings; 4) coordinate with IT specialists and GIS managers from other Mozambique offices. The job of the GIS manager is not to do all the GIS work, but to ensure the GIS is undertaken in a coordinated fashion, the GIS database remains organized, and that GIS can continue even if with staff changes. Directors at WWF Mozambique need to appoint a GIS manager and ensure a portion of his/her time is set aside for this responsibility. 4. There is a need to plan for management of data between WWF office locations Server-based technologies and spaces Managing GIS between office locations is perhaps the most difficult part of GIS management, and has not been fully addressed at WWF. Indeed, an ideal situation for inter-office GIS management would involve placing the entire GIS database on a server accessible from multiple office locations, and have all ArcMap documents placed on the server as well, and all GIS effectively done “online”. This can be done with ArcGIS server technology. Internet speed requirements for this type of set up are high, and require very fast internet speed at the server itself, as well as access points. In addition, staff expertise and time are required, including someone with Oracle or SQL knowledge, and time to manage the data structure. Nonetheless, some offices are working on a centralized database system such as this, including WWF ESARPO and WWF Malaysia. A promising alternative option is Data Basin (www.databasin.org). Data basin is a data sharing tool for the conservation community, and is actually based in ArcGIS server technology with many of the same features. It enables people to upload data, view it against other data layers in an online map, and soon, it will enable people to view online data layers through ArcGIS Desktop. It does not, however, allow online analysis. Soon, there will be private workspaces where groups can upload data and mark it as private. There is a limited amount of space per individual (I think 2 GB) so private users would need to pay for extra space. When the new version is released, it is worth looking at this application to store the most important base layers Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 11 for the region. Alternative options for storing master GIS layers for the region include SharePoint or even FTP. Recommended set up In the initial stages, WWF Mozambique will need to coordinate database between its own office locations (Maputo, P&S, and Pemba), with WWF US (CEA and Ruvuma), and with other East Africa programs (CEAI, WWF Tanzania and WWF ESARPO). For right now, the recommended route for WWF Mozambique is the following: Each office maintains its own database. These include: Pemba Maputo PS C:\GIS\Regional – this data folder is not necessary but may help address dataset duplication between office databases. Maintaining it would require more coordination between offices. Each office is responsible for maintaining and updating the master copy of their database. The databases may include quite a lot of duplicate datasets, but may also include data important to that particular field site. When an alternate database is required or requested, an office can burn a DVD with their database and mail or hand carry to another office. That database can be used to augment or update what is in that office’s master database. This can be done manually or carefully with syncing software such as Synctoy. As in Pemba, the Maputo and PS offices would need to maintain a master database on a server or master computer, and have an appointed GIS manager. In Maputo, Nelson Chamba has agreed to fill this role. The Maputo system should include the master database on the server and access points from peoples’ PCs hooked up to the network. It could also include a GIS computer for visitors or interns. 3.2 The case of Kenya In Kenya, the WWF-KCO Programmes have benefitted extensively from the proximity to the WWFESARPO’s GIS Manager and the recent recruitment of his assistant in guiding GIS issues in the country programmes. There are no dedicated GIS staff at the various project offices but all the GIS Needs are handled by the WWF-ESARPO GIS Manager and his assistant. Data collection in the field is however usually carried out by the trained project extension officers and partners. The training is offered by ESARPO’s GIS Unit. Data GIS Data for the CEAI project areas at WWF-KCO are well structured in various themes and layers for each project area i.e. Kiunga (Lamu), Boni-Dodori and Kwale (Ukunda). The various thematic areas that are covered by the existing data sets include: Land-registration systems, ownership types and landuse as well as landcover patterns Environment Forestry and Wildlife Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 12 Agriculture- Agricultural systems, irrigation, plantation farming, livestock production, Shifting cultivation, etc Water Mining Logging-Industrial Logging concessions Hardware and Software As indicated earlier, WWF-KCO is drawing benefits from the WWF-ESARPO’s infrastructure. This means ESARPO’s hardware and software are being used to support the field projects. The following hardware and software are being run and serviced at ESARPO: ArcGIS 10.x with full extensions being a grant from WWF-US who has an arrangement with TNC and ESRI (the software manufacturer) to give back to conservation as their CSR through software grants to conservation organizations. This software is being used to handle all aspects of GIS DB management, Geoprocessing and spatial analysis, 3-D modelling, Ecosystem Services Modelling, Hydrological Modelling, Habitat Modelling and cartography/map-making). ERDAS Imagine. ESARPO has purchased this software from the local distributors and is being used to process satellite imagery and for all aspects of Remote Sensing (Image Geometric Corrections, Radiometric Corrections, Atmospheric Corrections, Spatial, Spectral and Radiometric enhancements as well as Digital Image Classification, both per pixel and objectoriented classification). Definiens Developer (eCognition). Acquired in partnership with University of Louvain in Belgium. This software is mostly used for object-oriented image classification for landuse planning and for automatic feature extraction in image vectorization. Google Earth Pro for quick analyses of landuse change or forest cover change in different landscapes. High spec computers and a server as well as enough back-up drives are available. There are no bottlenecks in terms of hardware. All these are however WWF-ESARPO facilities but there is no immediate need for KCO to purchase hardware, except perhaps a couple of GPS receivers or PDAs and Digital Cameras. Staffing and capacity Building WWF-KCO enjoys close support on GIS issues from ESARPO’s GIS Unit. There’s need however to have some interns to help fast-track certain field tasks such as data collection using mobile devices (GPS receivers, Smart phones, PDAs, etc) which data will then be subsequently uploaded to the GIS database. Capacity building remains a continuous need to boost the competence levels of the different project staff who are hired to do different types of tasks but who require GIS as a day-to-day tool in their field engagements. Currently the GIS Unit at ESARPO is manned by Zachary Maritim, being assisted by Liya Mango. 3.3 The case of Tanzania Background Tanzania is pretty much the same as Mozambique. There are no full time GIS staff and there are no GIS software. Hardware purchases will need to be done as well as purchase of data collection equipment (GPS receivers, GPS Cameras and use of Smart Phones by those who have them). Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 13 Many players in GIS & Remote Sensing have been involved in various projects in Tanzania’s coastal region. These sets of data are however scattered and unstructured and require concerted effort to achieve this collation. Data Most of the existing data for CEAI-Tanzania is what has been collected and processed to some degree by WWF-US and a series of consultancies. Universities (such as Sokoine University of Agriculture, SUA) hold a significant amount of data that can be accessed through agreements on data sharing protocols and MoUs as well as respecting copyright issues from the holders of primary data (such as satellite imagery). These data sets have already been backed up at WWF-ESARPO and will form part of the baseline data for the implementation of the CEAI-Tanzania GIS database. Most of these datasets were however collected and processed far from the required participatory approach and therefore there are many inconsistencies which need to be addressed to make the data acceptable by the user community (e.g. district water offices). Basin and sub-basin boundaries must be aligned with correct administrative boundaries as well as protected area boundaries. This can only be done through a participatory process that brings on board the users themselves and the various stakeholders in the region. Capacity building will also help in the validation process. Staffing and capacity Building CEAI-Tanzania will require capacity building for its field staff as well as the M&E officer on matters of GIS and Remote Sensing. An intern would also help a lot in data collection and in extending training to partners in the field such as rangers, wardens and other field communities. A training of trainers will need to be organized in one of the CEAI countries to train identified potential GIS focal persons who will then carry out further training and mobilization of the communities in the field. Recommended setup The recommended for CEAI-Tanzania is training and capacity building of the M&E officer followed by installation of ArcGIS 10.x in his/her computer. A recruitment of an intern will also help cover the vast region in question. The partners and local communities will require simplified training on simple tools such as use of Smart phones to collect data, use of GPS receivers and downloading of GPS coordinates from the said smart phones and GPS receivers with subsequent upload to Google maps for viewing, discussions and decision-making. 4.0 GPS Data Collection & Integration into GIS/DB A Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to gather location information of features on the ground for purposes of monitoring or change analysis as well as for Spatial Planning. Training will be required in this area to help the field staff collect good quality GPS data. An exercise to check how georeferenced data in the GIS Database (DB) overlays with GPS-gathered data with the location of features in the DB such as roads, buildings, or habitat edge will be carried out during the training workshops. To do this, one will collect data with GPS, import it into a GIS, and overlay it with data from the DB. This exercise will be divided in the following sections: 1. GPS Planning: Decide what we want to collect so as to come up with a survey design. In addition, we prepare the form for field data collection. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 14 2. GPS Configuration: Configure the GPS so it records coordinates in the correct coordinate system and units. 3. Data Collection: switch on our GPS gadgets. We proceed to collect various points as per our design 4. GIS Integration: Then download the points to our laptops. We can do this in one of two ways: If we have a Garmin GPS we can use the extension DNR Garmin. If we don’t, we will import the data as a table. GPS Planning Plan what features/objects to collect/pick/survey GIS Integration/DB Updating/uploading GPS Configuration Chose the right coordinate system-UTM WGS84 GPS Data Downloading Data Collection Figure 8: The GPS Data Collection Process 5.0 Deliverables/Expected Outputs 1. A GIS Needs Assessment report for the CEAI. The report should detail recommended setup for the CEAI GIS needs. 2. A collation of available GIS data for priority landscapes and activities of the CEAI. This was already done with Bronwyn Llewellyn and from the various WWF-US data sources. It is worth noting that WWF-US has been involved in many activities in the region and has collected significant amounts of data. The data will need to be reviewed with respect to actual user community needs. Other Deliverables: A Geodatabase for centralizing GIS data storage, retrieval, manipulation and dissemination M&E and EIA Reports that may be available in the region to show various drivers including planned and existing developments, concessions and infrastructure. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 15 6.0 Recommendations At the Technical GIS/RS Database Level, it is recommended to implement ArcGIS (ArcInfo) platform that the ESARPO GIS Unit and the CEAI’s M&E Officer will administer. There is need for a GIS person in each of the 3 country offices who will put up at least 50% 0f their time to GIS and Data Management. This is very critical since training alone has not been proven sufficient for sustainability. At least each station should have a Workstation dedicated to GIS and a good storage (at least 1Tb) and backup system (preferably offsite). There is need for a dual purpose data management system which will take care of spatial data but also other non spatial attribute data from the field and should start simple. In order to do this thoroughly, there must be a data manager who is competent with the technologies but at the basic level, even a nicely organized redundant, well backed-up file system would be a big plus. A place where if you visited TCO you would be told “Here is where all our data lives” and you can access it from anywhere on the network. Each country office shall have a standalone GIS with replicas of these kept at the internet-based ESARPO system. This will ensure that system availability exists since field stations do not have reliable internet connectivity. The system will be maintained by WWF staff at ESARPO and at country offices. The consumers of the service will be the WWF partners, CEAI Staff and government departments in the relevant line ministries working within the jurisdiction of the WWF project intervention areas. At the data collection and field documentation level, we recommend thorough training on GPS and Smart Phone usage as well as use of Digital GPS Cameras. Further to this, a thorough three to four-day capacity building/training on Google Earth Professional’s aspects of data uploads, downloads, geo-processing and cartographic techniques should be conducted to enable users to make their own maps and query their own data or data uploaded by specialists. Database update through collection of new/changed features in the field and the CEAI’s structural and organizational changes. Training of CEAI personnel in the implementation and maintenance of the GIS database system through seminars and workshops. Use of modern technology in collecting data by CEAI; acquisition of equipment with high efficiency and accuracy of work. A server machine and standby power backup/battery should be in place to prevent database server system from data loss. Collection and collation as well as cleaning of data from various data sources and the upload to database. Purchase of equipment such as Handheld GPS receivers, GPS Cameras for field work. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 16 Appendix I: The Terms of Reference (TORs) During the past two years the CEAI has been able to meet some of the growing demand for spatial planning from within WWF and from its external partners, attempting to coordinate efforts in progress by other parties, creating maps as needed, and gathering together a large amount of existing shapefiles and other GIS data to be kept in the region. However, a number of constraints to effective use of GIS capabilities in CEAI have emerged in 2011. These include: 1. The loss in early 2011 of the only internal CEAI staff member (Bronwyn Llewellyn) who had GIS skills and experience 2. That GIS/spatial planning has been largely focused in the Ruvuma Landscape, been ad hoc, and reactive to funding opportunities presented. 3. Many of the techniques used require advanced training and expensive software and hardware, making them unsuitable for sharing with field staff or partners. 4. While a significant amount of funding has been invested by WWF through or with CEAI overall in GIS/ spatial planning in last few years (amounting to US$ 300,000+) from WWF US, WWF Sweden, WWF UK (and additional to this - through individual donor projects at CO scale) there has been limited consolidation of results 5. Much of the GIS work has been specific initiatives which have not yet been built into a coherent overall programme. Currently data is often held and managed in a variety of locations and institutions - in NOs or northern institutions outside CEA, ESARPO or the COs and not easily accessible for day to day needs. Capacity for applied use has often been built externally or in consultants rather than internally in CEA or country level or local partner ones. 6. The WWF GIS investment/activities have often responded to 'supply' options in their design and in their implementation externally (availability of a tied grant, availability of a technical specialist, specific staff interests) and less so 'demand' driven in the CEA, COs, country, thematic or landscape level. Resource flows and expenditures have also reflected this. 7. There is a need in some of the “WWF landscapes” (e.g. Rovuma) to adjust the GIS/spatial planning scale and ‘limits’ to better fit the administrative, social, environmental or management unit realities on the ground. There is also a need for consistency – currently a large range of WWF maps on web pages/printed/used by WWF entities etc have a bewildering range of landscape names, boundaries and descriptions or vary considerably in quality of data. 8. The strongest demand evident from the discussions with CEA constituency of COs, partners, land managers or decision makers - is for GIS, mapping and spatial planning support to tackle 2 levels of scale. The scale of districts, village and community resource management. And the scale of regional + provincial level and 'ecosystem' scale at regional/and landscape level. These two different scales require different kinds of GIS capacity, methods, software and training in their use; and ability to consolidate data across the scales. 9. The M&E framework and baselines established now for monitoring and evaluating the delivery of the CEAI also requires suitable GIS/mapping capacity as also does the increasing work of tracking spatial development schemes, in climate change vulnerability assessments, in Strategic Environmental Assessments etc. These are all factors that promote the need for a GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme and which need to be addressed in the design and outputs of the Needs Assessment. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 17 Appendix II: GIS DB Implementation Plan The CEAI GIS DB Life Cycle Objectives This project will pursue the following objectives: Undertake a GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme with a particular focus on addressing the 9 priority issues noted in the background information above and the Review of CEAI GIS Status (Llewellyn et al 2011). To identify and evaluate existing data and plans for Coastal East Africa Initiative (CEAI) To carry out requirements analysis and specification for developing an enterprise spatial (under ArcGIS) and attribute (under SQL Server) database as well as an M&E strategy for GIS. To develop conceptual, logical and physical models and database schemas (using MS Visio 2003) and to generate XML Interchange (XMI) for subsequent Object-Relational Enterprise Database (EDB) using ArcInfo CASE Tool. To collect sample data using GPS technology to be fed directly into the Enterprise Database (EDB). To demonstrate scenarios on querying, interpreting, visualizing and taking decision through analysis in a distributed web-based system (under ArcGIS Server). This will be done by way of writing views for data extraction and analysis. Such a system would be shared with donors and partners in the conservation world Community GIS……… The DB development Life Cycle Below is the DB design life cycle that will be followed in the design of the DB’s processes and its inputs and outputs: Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment SYSTEM OWNERS (CEAI): STEERING COMMITTEE Page 18 PROBLEMS DIRECTIVE (INEFFICIENCIES) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION PROJECT CHARTER (CONTRACT) SYSTEM FEEDBACK (UPDATES) BUSINESS SOLUTION PROBLEM ANALYSIS OPERATION & SUPPORT SCOPE, CONSTRAINTS SCHEDULE OPERATIONAL SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION FACTS: AD HOC DATA/ INFO SCATTERED EVERYWHERE FEEDBACK PROBLEMS LESSONS DOCUMENTATION TRAINING PROJECT TEAM (CEAI M&E & ESARPO GIS REQUIREMENTS/ PRIORITIES: DATA COLLECTION & GEOREFERENCING DIGITIZING, BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT OBJECTIVES: EFFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS DEMOS, FEEDBACK TEST CASES FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM IDEAS, OPINIONS, STANDARDS CONSTRUCTION IDEAS PRESENTATIONS BUSINESS REQUIREMENT STATEMENT DECISION ANALYSIS DESIGN SPECS APPROVED SYSTEM (INCEPTION REPORT) DESIGN Fig 1: CEAI GIS DB Design Life Cycle User Requirements Collection and Analysis Once the contract was signed between CEAI and ESARPO, a desktop study was started to obtain the user needs and requirements which shall need to be validated through on-site discussions with CEAI staff and its partners. Not all the issues required/raised in the Terms of Reference (TORs) in the GIS requirements collection/analysis in order to come up with the System and Database Requirements for purposes of process modeling, Entity Relationship Modeling and System Specification modeling could be addressed through the desktop study. The results of the desktop study are presented in this draft report. The CEAI GIS Users would prefer a Client-Server (Desktop Application) that enables them to input spatial and attribute data and obtain printed maps for decisions on M&E and spatial analysis for biodiversity information. Eventually an internet-based solution would be designed to take care of off-shore access and use of the data and information collected. Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 19 3.2.1 CEAI’s Current Situation Field survey /data collection Using handheld GPS receivers and Field note books, Ad hoc data spread out in different files Output hardcopy Reports. No maps Storage in steel cabinets. No indexing. Reproduction/ Reports (Baseline Surveys, SocioEconomic Surveys) Report Retrieval Users: CEAI Leader, Unit Heads, Staff, Partners and Local Community Fig 2: CEAI GIS Current Existing Situation Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit Data Processing/Reduction Field data transferred to excel sheets Manual Analysis of the Data from the Excel Sheets and MS Word documents Document Catalogue /index showing the cabinet containing ad hoc and difficult to track CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 20 3.2.3 CEAI’s DB Proposed Solution Field survey /Data Collection Total Stations, RTK GPS, DGPS, Satellite Imagery, Aerial Photography, LIDAR and RADAR Surveys, SocioEconomic/Baseline Surveys, M&E Data Data Processing /Reduction: Direct Upload to the GIS/RS Database Central GIS/RS Database Stores Spatial data (ArcSDE) and Attribute Information (SQL Server/MS Access) Output Hardcopy Maps/Reports through a Plotter/Printers. As many prints as required. Also softcopies for presentation, Websites, etc Map/Report Retrieval via Intuitive GUI Users: CEAI Leader, ICT, Unit Heads, M&E, Staff, Partners, Surveyors and Local Community Fig 3: CEAI GIS Proposed System Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit System Catalogue / Indexing for Maps/Plans, Reports, retrieval and thematic searches CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 21 3.2.4 System Requirements to realize the Proposed Solution This will be fully realized once extensive consultations and discussions with the users in order to assess the current capacity of the existing server setup and environment in CEAI and formulate a decision as to whether to deploy the final GIS database and the required server components in one of the existing servers or in a new dedicated server or as part of the GIS/RS infrastructure at ESARPO. It is recommended however to have an ideal setup whereby the GIS server system operates on a dedicated server for the following reasons: The existing and GIS systems are cleanly separated which in turn simplifies the management of each system. System isolation will provide more levels of redundancy in the case where if one of the servers might go down then those services provided by the other server will still be available. This provides overall stability in that one system may go down without affecting the other. System security is enhanced such that if the functionality of both systems is clearly separated (i.e. neither system trusts the other) then any breach to the network may not necessarily give a ‘green’ light to freely access the existing systems in that each server has an independent guaranteed level of security. Data access is optimized through load balancing. Since databases are highly IO-resource intensive, it might be beneficial to have each server accessing a different hard drive array so that they are not competing for IO resources. Competition for IO resources can be mitigated by increasing the RAM so that frequent database queries can be cached rather than having them created on-the-fly for each request. Ideally, the GIS database server should be physically located at the present server room (at ESARPO or CEAI as will be agreed). Hardware Specifications Form factor: Dependent on whether there is an existing mounting rack, else a Micro ATX Tower will be sufficient. Processor: Quad-Core Intel Xeon processor E5405 2.00GHz. Front side bus: 1333MHz. Memory: 2GB Memory (2x1GB), 667MHz Single Ranked DIMMs. Operating System: Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition (Preferably 64-bit though 32bit will suffice). Hard Drive Description: 73GB 10K RPM Serial-Attach SCSI 3Gbps 2.5-in HotPlug Hard Drive. Maximum number of users (Recommended): 50 Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 22 Database Design Process Conceptual Design (System Inputs/Outputs) The CEAI GIS DB requires different types of inputs and outputs various results as captured in the schematic representation below (Fig 4). COASTAL EAST AFRICA INITIATIVE (CEAI) GIS DATABASE SYSTEM CONTEXT DIAGRAM (CONCEPTUAL DESIGN) Terrestrial Unit s dG rap h Ma p s, C har ts a n ve r s Dri ity ers div ie Bi o Sp e c s Da ta ( Taxo Occurre n ce nom and ic) es, d bas n data ta, a Geo lar Da , s u e il b f a e T p s Sha DGNs, er Map s, Pa p D XF ies ndar n Bo u tio dmin Informa A , s Ma p ribute Field idor, Att r /Cor GP S Dat a Co (Tele r a l St metry udie T s, e aggin g, tc) e s, bas etc ata ata, eod ar D s, G abul file T , s ape Sh DGN es , Fs, eav DX a yl ) S, W ation GP m ta ( Infor Da ng raphic ppi Ma Geog Marine Unit na l In Ma ca nd sti ga d ki n Pr oje hs cti Te c hn i ca la nd Fin a nc s ial on Fig 4: CEAI GIS DB Conceptual Design Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit er) erv , S ort k r p o p etw Su (N g/ re ootin u t c h tru les ras ub Inf Tro ort s ep an gR an Pl ct els Pr oje Mo d ps Gr ap Tra c St ati nin Ma an d M&E and CEAI Leader se ba ta ce Da an d en an aint es ur , M ed ns oc tio Pr ra S igu GI onf C ge me for ma nt tio n CEAI GIS Database System IT Department CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 23 Logical Design (The Processes) From the Conceptual design and in consultations with CEAI GIS staff and users of the system, logical designs for the processes that the system will automate will be derived and constructed as provided in the diagram below (Fig 5). TOP LEVEL DIAGRAM/FIGURE 0 GIS Metadata and Technical Documentation Infrastructure (Hardware and Software) Marine Unit ICT/Support Maintenance and Updates Special Offer details Dates and other details Triggers Tuning/Maintenance Info GPS Baseline Surveys, Data Designs ArcSDE Engine 2. Server Configuration, Tuning and Maintenance Partner details Querries and Decisions on Modifications Configuration File ESRI Standards Location Information/Coordinates Scanned Maps/Plans Map Display and Print Out Threats Digitized under ArcGIS Biodiversity Information in Attributes/Maps Wayleave Data and Information Terrestrial Unit Multi-user Capability Digitized Data GPS Data Updates/Tracking Changes Species Location Searches/Querries/Views D1 Vector Geodatabase 1. GIS, GPS, Scanning, Georeferencing, Digitizing & Field Siting Notes D5 Configuration Tables D3 Maintenance Schedule D6. Server catalogue D4 Scanned/Georeferenced Files Viewing, Querying, Requests, Modifications, Allocations Fig 5: CEAI GIS DB Logical Design Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit Maintenance, Networking & Troubleshooting Baseline Surveys, Species Locations, SSTs D2 Day Book GIS Files and Services GIS Database Configuration Files Management and M & E Office CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 24 Database (DB) Design Requirements Objective To develop and deploy a GIS Spatial DB driven application to Geo-referenced metadata information for viewing, querying, data analysis and M&E on a web/desktop platform with the additional details like photos and other geo-referenced information incorporated. CEAI GIS DB Design Technical Approach: Identification of fields to be captured will be done by physically looking at any existing hard copy or digital maps from various sources & reports then recording the attributes for the data types collected and/or to be collected. This will be followed by development of a data dictionary and designing of spatial tables using MS Excel and ArcCatalog/MS Visio respectively. The choice between web and desktop systems will be based on a questionnaire analysis which will be circulated to selected CEAI staff and partners. This will be followed by a site visit, carried out as part of the Needs Assessment, in order to determine the existing data collection and M&E strategies. These strategies and any forms already designed for field data collection (socio-economic and baseline surveys) will form the basis of the structure for the relations in the database. Database design will be based on functionalities identified by the CEAI team and partners and will be translated to ERD diagrams for DB design and implementation. Software Installation and Configuration The sequence of both server and client software will be as follows (note that these steps are for the regional DB at ESARPO): a. Installation of Microsoft SQL Server 2008 (or MS Access, as the need will indicate) on the project server (or existing ESARPO server). SQL user accounts will be created, permissions to database objects set and tested. A policy for backing up the database every day of the normal five working days in a week at 1800 hrs shall be put in place. b. Installation of ESRI ArcSDE (or Google Applications) for SQL Server 2005 in the project server (or ESARPO Server). This is a requirement so that the geodatabase can be managed centrally in the RDBMS environment provided by SQL Server. A geodatabase named ceai_db will be created, and feature types, fields, and domains created based on the data dictionary table. The user accounts were tested in order to guarantee read/write access to the geodatabase. The main geodatabase connection will be configured to run as a windows service meaning that it has to maintain a Started state in order for client computers to access it. An exception in the operating system firewall will be created so that it can allow client connections in port 5151. c. Installation of ESRI ArcGIS Desktop 9.3-ArcInfo on the client computers. It will be necessary to implement the ArcInfo Edition of the client GIS software so that full geodatabase-connection capabilities could be realized. d. Configuration of the geodatabase connection properties on the client computers. In order for the client GIS software to connect to the geodatabase on the server, the database connection properties will have to be entered in each client computer by specifying the host name (name of the server or IP address), the port number in which the service is running on, the database Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Page 25 name, SQL Server username and password. Testing of the connection will be validated using ArcCatalog and if successful the connection will be saved to disk. Testing of read/write access to each spatial feature in the geodatabase will be done against the current SQL Server user account specified in the connection properties. Application Software Considerations Subject to the different levels of capacities for the users of the database, different software platforms will be explored as suggested below: Provision of a map viewer for visualizing digitized features and also provide a similar view using Google Maps (if internet connectivity is available or GE offline). Use of ESRI’s ArcReader in which maps published by M&E Officer and GIS Specialist can be viewed, queried and analyzed by the non-technical user. Carrying out spatial queries and analyses based on various criteria of choice. Statistical SPSS software for statistical analyses by technical people. Support attribute queries for all themes based on location, species type, size etc; this will be dependent on the information made available from the digitization process. The GIS database project will be carried out in phases as follows: The data capture/collection process SCANNING, GPS Campaigns, Satellite Imagery Acquisition, From Partners IMAGE PROCESSING & GEOREFERENCIN G CLEANING Output: Maps, Charts & Reports Figure 6: The Data Capture Process Zac Maritim ESARPO GIS Unit CEAI GIS DB SERVER Dell Power Edge R410 (Based at ESARPO) DIGITIZI NG, CODING EDITING/ ATTRIBU TE ENTRY