Download GIS User Needs Assesment-CEAI-Final

CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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WWF Eastern &
Southern Africa
Regional Programme
Office (ESARPO)
GIS Unit
WWF ESARPO
A.C.S Plaza,
Lenana Road
P.O. Box 62440 00200
Nairobi Kenya
Coastal East Africa Initiative: Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) Needs Assessment
Project No: GE54
SUBMITTED TO:
The Head of Terrestrial
Coastal East Africa Initiative
Final Report
GIS Needs Assessment
March 2012
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 2
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Project Objectives ............................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Activities/Tasks ........................................................................................... 3
2.0 Understanding the Terms of Reference ....................................................................... 4
3.0
GIS DB Needs Assessment ..................................................................................... 5
3.1 The case of Mozambique ....................................................................................... 5
3.2 The case of Kenya .............................................................................................. 11
3.3 The case of Tanzania ......................................................................................... 12
4.0 GPS Data Collection & Integration into GIS/DB ....................................................... 13
5.0 Deliverables/Expected Outputs ................................................................................. 14
6.0 Recommendations..................................................................................................... 15
Appendix I: The Terms of Reference (TORs) .................................................................. 16
Appendix II: GIS DB Implementation Plan .................................................................... 17
The CEAI GIS DB Life Cycle ...................................................................................... 17
Objectives ............................................................................................................ 17
The DB development Life Cycle .............................................................................. 17
User Requirements Collection and Analysis................................................................. 18
3.2.1 CEAI’s Current Situation............................................................................... 19
3.2.3 CEAI’s DB Proposed Solution........................................................................ 20
3.2.4 System Requirements to realize the Proposed Solution ...................................... 21
Database Design Process ............................................................................................. 22
Conceptual Design (System Inputs/Outputs) ............................................................ 22
Logical Design (The Processes) ............................................................................. 23
Database (DB) Design Requirements ........................................................................... 24
Objective ............................................................................................................. 24
CEAI GIS DB Design Technical Approach:- ............................................................ 24
Software Installation and Configuration .................................................................. 24
Application Software Considerations ...................................................................... 25
The data capture/collection process ........................................................................ 25
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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1.0 Introduction
1.1
Background
What is a G.I.S?
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computerized system which integrates people, hardware,
software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically
referenced information. Geography plays a role in nearly every decision we make. Choosing sites,
targeting market segments, conservation planning, planning distribution networks, responding to
emergencies, or redrawing property boundaries—all of these problems involve questions of geography.
GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal
relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts.
A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly
understood and easily shared.
GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework. This system can be
very effective in meeting Coastal East Africa Initiative (CEAI) objectives and goals as it embraces the
modern technology advancement.
1.2
Project Objectives
The objective of this exercise is to carry out a practical GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme
of work with a focus on spatial planning, geo-reference database, supporting M&E frameworks and
options for appropriate institutional set up, resourcing, design and capacity building of WWF staff and
partners. The project will not only develop the system but also convert, to digital format, a significant
portion of the paper maps.
The proposed project builds upon, and strengthens the development of Geographic Data and the
development and dissemination and use of spatial digital data through integration of spatial and attribute
data and application developments that will support land use planning, spatial planning, habitat
modelling, land information management, infrastructure, planning, development and management
responsibilities within CEAI.
Development of a geographical information system (GIS) spatial and spatially referenced information
about the CEAI land is a key step in capacity building and developing an efficient ,reliable, timely and
accurate information system which will assist in faster and accurate decision making within the CEAI
Management. The project will also provide training and technical support for the system users.
1.2.1 Activities/Tasks
1. Undertake a GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme with a particular focus on addressing
the 9 priority issues noted in Appendix I and the Review of CEAI GIS Status (Llewellyn et al 2011).
2. The Needs Assessment will be carried out primarily as a desk-based exercise building on the
experience of the ESARPO GIS specialist and through gathering information on priority needs
identified by CEAI staff, relevant CO/NO staff and partners (a list of those to be contacted will be
established at start of the assignment) and through a visit to the CEAI office in Dar es Salaam.
3. Undertake a preliminary review and collate the existing GIS for priority landscapes and initiatives
relevant to CEAI that has or is being gathered by the WWF network or partners.
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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4. Produce a CEAI GIS Needs Assessment Report with options and recommendations on appropriate
design, software, capacity building, institutional arrangements and resources required.
2.0 Understanding the Terms of Reference
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•
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Undertake a GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme with a particular focus on
addressing the 9 priority issues noted in the Terms of Reference (see Appendix I) and the Review
of CEAI GIS Status (Llewellyn et al 2011).
Spatial/GIS Database developed & Integrated with Attribute Information. Location and Detail
Information displayed at the touch of a button via existing GIS Application Programs such as
ArcGIS, Google Earth, Moabi and ArcExplorer. This interactive database will be useful for
Spatial Planning and M&E works. The database will take into consideration all data types and
formats for GIS and Remote Sensing such as Imagery, Photography, Raster files, vector files as
well as statistical and attribute information.
Hardware/Software Acquired: Budgets permitting, a Large Format Scanner and Computers +
Networking including physical security provided and software installed (RDBMS & Spatial DB
Engine, Desktop GIS and Statistical SPSS as well as Project Management and Monitoring and
Evaluation Applications).
Capacity building through Seminars/Workshops for staff held for Awareness Creation and User
Training.
Ad-hoc Data held in Hardcopy Plans/Maps computerized (Scanned & Digitized) so as to have
layers in GIS format for interactions with other existing layers as well as new layers to be
collected during field campaigns or to be mobilized from holding data centres.
Products & Services (Enhanced Access/Manipulation) tested and signed off.
Ownership & Copy rights (End User License) well defined and Implemented for purposes of Data
Sharing and signing of MoUs for the success of this objective. Already ESARPO has developed a
comprehensive Master License User (MLA) to take care of this. This study will also look at this
MLA and see how it will be implemented.
Aligning the GIS and RS Data, People, Hardware and Procedures to Local
Government/Administrative units that make sense to the local populations and communities that
will benefit from the system.
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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3.0 GIS DB Needs Assessment
3.1
The case of Mozambique
Background:
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There has been some GIS training of WWF (5) and government partners institution (3) staff working
within the RL under the “Measures Projects” ;
GIS software (Arc-GIS 9.3) was installed in various PCs, however the license has long expired and
no renewal was made.
Trained staff have carried out some field data collection and analysis and production of maps.
As the project ended and the software expired, no additional training or data collection was carried
out, nor is there a planed work to continue to use the skills gained.
Therefore the requirements are, but not conclusive, the following in terms of:
1. Competence levels in different software applications:
1.1. Refreshment course for those previously trained under the “Measure Project”
1.2. Integrate new staff including from government partners institution in training to expand the base
for field data collection and processing
2. Capacity building needs:
2.1. Training in GIS handling (software and hardware, data collection and processing, quick/simple
data analysis and interpretation, etc)
2.2. Support the establishment/strengthening of a centralized platform and data management system
(normally government institution with established GIS would be the best to support)
2.3. Support the acquisition and maintenance of appropriate software and hardware
3. Data requirements (and possible institutional networking to obtain these)
3.1. Rovuma Landscape thematic maps (vegetation, hydrology, geology and soil, settlements and
access roads, administrative boundaries to the village/ward level, land use tenure, climate data
etc) as base maps
4. Staffing (HR deficiency) needs.
4.1. We need to have one staff dedicated to maintain the database
A study carried out by WWF-US lead by Jessica Forrest had identified the following GIS DB issues:
Problem #1: GIS data is sitting on individual computers. It is difficult to know what others have to
actually put the data to use
The recommended route for a business with multiple GIS users to manage their database is to store
the master database on a server or networked computer. This can be done inexpensively through the
use of a network switch and cables to relevant computers. The database should be backed up daily.
For Pemba, the group decided to have a dedicated GIS computer to host the Master GIS Database. A
user could then opt to do analysis on the GIS computer itself. Or, the user could plug their PC in to
the GIS network to access the master GIS computer over the network. The GIS user could also
choose to download data from the GIS computer to a laptop when remote work is necessary, do GIS
analysis on the laptop, and upload products and new data to the computer.
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ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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For this, hardware and software requirements include:
1. GIS-capable computer with a shared folder for the database (computers recommended
below).
2. Network switch
3. Network cables for additional computers to plug in and work from the master database
4. Two tape drives for backup. Set to back up 1 day per week (or nightly) and rotate, always
keeping one off-site.
5. Concurrent license of ArcGIS Desktop (license key should have arrived in Maputo)
6. Antivirus software, malware, firewall
In addition, there is a need to recommend and agree upon a database structure, so that all are in agreement
with where data should be stored in the master database
1a. Hardware and Software
GIS computer requirements and recommendation:
1) Minimum requirements: Windows XP, 2000, or VISTA; 2 GB RAM; 2 GHz
processor speed; Intel (single user system)
2) Recommended: High performance desktop computer. A computer of this quality
may allow at least multiple users to work off the database at a time.
Laptops (less recommended): A laptop is not as recommended since they tend to
be less powerful and more likely to “walk off”. However, some good laptops exist. If
a laptop is chosen, it would be good to lock the laptop down and have a docking
station with a proper monitor.
Choose: 8 GB Ram, Intel(R) Core(TM) 2 Duo Processor T9900 (3.06 GHz, 6 MB L2
Cache, 1066MHz FSB), 320 GB (size of the back-up computer)
3) Back up: computer should be set to back up regularly. The ideal set up is to have the
computer back up to a tape drive nightly or weekly. Two tapes should be purchased
and rotated with each backup so one is always away from the office. A portable hard
drive is also possible to use but these are not as reliable and more likely to fail at
some point. One could rotate portable hard drives as one rotates tapes.
1b. Proposed GIS Database Structure for the Quirimbas National Park/WWF office
The GIS database for the Pemba office. It includes data mostly for the north of Mozambique,
but not limited to this region. It also includes ArcGIS documents, maps, and other documents
produced here. The other offices in Mozambique may have similar databases.
All GIS data with the master copy in Pemba. Note that all data for northern Mozambique should be
in either decimal degrees (Geographic WGS 84) or the Universal Transverse Mercator appropriate
to Northern Mozambique (UTM 37 South, Datum: Arc 1960). The UTM 37s projection is
also consistent with the Ruvuma-wide analysis. The projection should be noted in the file name
(ie, [Data name]_UTM37S or [Data name]_DD). Data should be accompanied by metadata
indicating source, date represented, and how it was produced. Metadata should preferably be in
xml format (as produced with ArcCatalog), but appropriate documentation could also be in the form
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ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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of PDF documents or reports, word, or text file.
Access: includes access and threat models such as the human footprint, cost model, threat models, and
others
Administrative\...
administrative boundary data, including country, province, and district
boundaries.
Carbon\...
carbon data, such as H. Gibbs’ global carbon dataset, or those produced locally
Cities_and_Places\...
location data on cities, settlements, and cultural places
Elevation\... elevation data at various scales. Different sources or scales should be included in
different sub-folders. Sources include HydroSHEDs (30s, 15s, 3s), and Aster (30 m), and potentially that
derived from topo maps.
Geology\...
includes data on geology, soil, mineral distribution, landform
Habitat\...
ecoregions and other habitat data (land cover data should go in the land cover folder)
Human_Activities\... data focus on local human activities, divided into subfolders. These activities
tend to be distinguished from other activities in that they may have a shorter temporal effect on the
landscape or wildlife when compared with land use. More permanent land use data are included in
land_use
Human_Activities\Human_Wildlife_Conflict\.. data on crop damage, human death, and elephant killing
Human_Activities\Illegal_Activities\... data on illegal activities
Human_Activities\Illegal_Activities\Poaching\...
Human_Activities\Illegal_Activities\Logging\...
Human_Activities\Illegal_Activities\Burning\…
or derived)
illegal killing of wildlife
data on illegal logging
data on human caused burning. (GPS-collected
Fire\... fire data, whether by human, natural, or unknown causes. (this could be mostly MODIS-derived,
link to burning folder)
GPS\Terrestrial
raw data is downloaded here from GPS. Once it is properly attributed and
converted to shapefile, it can be moved to the appropriate data folder (human activities, species). Raw
files should be labeled to indicate: [year-month-day of download]_[Initials of person]_[Trip Mission].shp
GPS\Marine
same as above, but for marine
Hydrology\...
Imagery\...
data on basins, rivers, lakes, groundwater
satellite and aerial imagery. Divide into folders as needed based on sensor, then location
Infrastructure\...
current and planned infrastructure, such as roads, rails, bridges, ports
Infrastructure\Current\...
existing infrastructure
Infrastructure\Planned\...
planned infrastructure
Land_Use\... human land use, including permanent use or zones delineated through a zoning process.
Includes protected areas, village land use plans, etc.
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Land_Use\Current\...
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data on how people currently use the land
Land_Use\Planned\District… district or village level land use plans.
Land_Use\Planned\Large-Scale…larger scale land use plans, such as the Mtwara development corridor.
The compatible human activity may also go here.
Landcover\... land cover or vegetation maps, usually as visible by satellite. This folder may include
coarse scale land use-landcover maps. Subdivide into folders by source
Marine\...
data referring to the marine system
Marine\Habitats…
data on marine habitats. Can include reefs, mangroves, bleaching, seagrass,
intertidal areas, estuaries, etc.
Marine\Bathymetry…
data on ocean depth
Marine\Human_Activities… includes the location of legal and illegal activities, divided into
subfolders by type
Marine\Management_Zones.. management zones describing where different activities are legal or
recommended (be sure to mark as such). Protected area boundaries for marine can go here (but also in
protected_areas\...)
Marine\Species…
species observations and distributions. Subfolders may include marine mammals
(for species such as whale, dugong, dolphins), fish, and exotic species
Protected_Areas\...
protected area boundaries, including official and proposed, terrestrial and marine
Socio-economic\...
socioeconomic data (health, education, population, income, etc.)
Species\...
terrestrial species observations and distributions. Subfolders by taxa (birds, mammals,
amphibians…) and/or degree of endangerment
GIS\Pemba\maps\...
Completed maps in jpeg or other graphics format. Should be subdivided into folders by topic. Maps
should be labeled using the following scheme: [Title]_[Initials of Author]_[Date]
GIS\Pemba\projects\... ArcGIS map documents. Folder can be subdivided by project or topic.
ArcMap document names should include: [Map title] _ [Initials of author] _ [version date]. The project
folder can also include data produced (in subfolders) to support that particular ArcMap document or
analysis. The root “projects” folder can contain map templates or documents used for viewing. These
should include:
1.
A map document with most frequently viewed shapefiles, which people can use to turn layers on
and off, and zoom around. A GIS user can also save a copy of the file to produce a map.
2. A map document with GPS data as it’s brought in from the field. See section #2 for more details.
Example:
GIS\Pemba\Projects\Human-Elephant-Conflict\
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ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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Example: folder includes all ArcMap documents focused on human-elephant conflict. Different
authors and versions are indicated in the naming convention and date of the ArcMap documents.
GIS\Pemba\Projects\Human-Elephant-Conflict\Data_[Author initials]\
A subfolder for each author to save intermediate data files needed to produce their map or
analysis on human-elephant conflict, but are not useful for moving to the master database. Note
that data that ARE produced in analysis or mapping and useful for others SHOULD be moved to
the master database folder.
Problem #2:
There is no process for viewing data brought in from the field
Currently, there is no process for viewing new data brought in from the field. The following process is
suggested:
1. Field staff collect data. GPS should be configured to collect data in decimal degrees, datum
WGS 84.
2. GPS data should be downloaded to the folder: c:\GIS\Pemba\data\GPS\
3. Data should be properly attributed with the following information. Excel is a good editor to
use:
a. Waypoint ID (wpt_ID) or Track ID (track_ID): ID of the waypoint, or unique id for a
track segment. This should match the GPS
b. Description (desc): description of location or track as denoted in the field
c. Habitat: type of habitat in which the waypoint or track was collected
d. X_coord: x-coordinate (or longitude) recorded by the GPS.
e. Y_coord: y-coordinate (or latitude) recorded by the GPS
f. Projection (project): projection of the original data (should always be Geographic
WGS 84, but always note projection in the file)
g. Date: Date data was collected (automatic from GPS)
h. Time: Time of collection (from GPS)
i. Altitude: Altitude of point (from GPS)
j. GPS Name (GPS_name): Name of the GPS used to collect the data
k. Data collector (Data_coll): Name of person that gathered the GPS data
l. GIS importer (GIS_imp): Name of person importing data to GIS
m. Description code (descr_code): This could standardize the Description column into a
smaller set of selected terms to make data analysis or selection easier. I suggest
labeling in fairly broad categories first, perhaps identical to the folder name that
designates it’s category
i. poaching
ii. logging
iii. burning
iv. crop-raiding
v. human kill
vi. species name categories….
n. Additional attributes collected as part of the survey
Excel worksheet should be labeled [year-month-day of download]_[Initials of person]_[Trip
Mission]. An additional worksheet can indicate notes describing survey design, or additional
notes about the mission as a whole that could inform the type of analysis to be undertaken.
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ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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4. Plot data from the excel spreadsheet as an event theme in the GPS data viewer map
document, located at: C:\GIS\Pemba\Projects\
5. Data should be exported to shapefile and stored in the Data\GPS folder. Naming convention
should be: [year-month-day of download]_[Initials of person]_[Trip Mission].shp (similar to
worksheet name). Projection should be saved as WGS 84.
6. The shapefile can then be loaded back to the ArcMap document and displayed by description
or description code.
7. Data in the shapefile may cover different themes (illegal activities, species, etc.). Thus, data
can be further divided or selected into separate thematic shapefiles, merged with other files,
and stored in respective folders.
3. There is no one in charge of GIS management in the Pemba office
Having a GIS manager is critical to ensuring that agreed GIS management practices are implanted
by all. The job of the GIS manager is to 1) ensure that the GIS hardware and database are set up
according to the agreed procedure; 2) ensure that GIS staff regularly update the database and that
it remains the “master database” or authoritative data source for the Pemba office; 3) Ensure that
questions and problems are addressed. Larger issues involving the groups’ agreement should be
addressed in weekly or twice-monthly meetings; 4) coordinate with IT specialists and GIS
managers from other Mozambique offices. The job of the GIS manager is not to do all the GIS
work, but to ensure the GIS is undertaken in a coordinated fashion, the GIS database remains
organized, and that GIS can continue even if with staff changes.
Directors at WWF Mozambique need to appoint a GIS manager and ensure a portion of his/her
time is set aside for this responsibility.
4. There is a need to plan for management of data between WWF office locations
Server-based technologies and spaces
Managing GIS between office locations is perhaps the most difficult part of GIS management,
and has not been fully addressed at WWF. Indeed, an ideal situation for inter-office GIS
management would involve placing the entire GIS database on a server accessible from multiple
office locations, and have all ArcMap documents placed on the server as well, and all GIS
effectively done “online”. This can be done with ArcGIS server technology. Internet speed
requirements for this type of set up are high, and require very fast internet speed at the server
itself, as well as access points. In addition, staff expertise and time are required, including
someone with Oracle or SQL knowledge, and time to manage the data structure. Nonetheless,
some offices are working on a centralized database system such as this, including WWF
ESARPO and WWF Malaysia.
A promising alternative option is Data Basin (www.databasin.org). Data basin is a data sharing
tool for the conservation community, and is actually based in ArcGIS server technology with
many of the same features. It enables people to upload data, view it against other data layers in
an online map, and soon, it will enable people to view online data layers through ArcGIS
Desktop. It does not, however, allow online analysis. Soon, there will be private workspaces
where groups can upload data and mark it as private. There is a limited amount of space per
individual (I think 2 GB) so private users would need to pay for extra space. When the new
version is released, it is worth looking at this application to store the most important base layers
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ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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for the region. Alternative options for storing master GIS layers for the region include SharePoint
or even FTP.
Recommended set up
In the initial stages, WWF Mozambique will need to coordinate database between its own office
locations (Maputo, P&S, and Pemba), with WWF US (CEA and Ruvuma), and with other East
Africa programs (CEAI, WWF Tanzania and WWF ESARPO).
For right now, the recommended route for WWF Mozambique is the following:
Each office maintains its own database. These include:
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Pemba
Maputo
PS
C:\GIS\Regional – this data folder is not necessary but may help address dataset duplication
between office databases. Maintaining it would require more coordination between offices.
Each office is responsible for maintaining and updating the master copy of their database. The
databases may include quite a lot of duplicate datasets, but may also include data important to
that particular field site. When an alternate database is required or requested, an office can burn a
DVD with their database and mail or hand carry to another office. That database can be used to
augment or update what is in that office’s master database. This can be done manually or
carefully with syncing software such as Synctoy.
As in Pemba, the Maputo and PS offices would need to maintain a master database on a server or
master computer, and have an appointed GIS manager. In Maputo, Nelson Chamba has agreed to
fill this role. The Maputo system should include the master database on the server and access
points from peoples’ PCs hooked up to the network. It could also include a GIS computer for
visitors or interns.
3.2 The case of Kenya
In Kenya, the WWF-KCO Programmes have benefitted extensively from the proximity to the WWFESARPO’s GIS Manager and the recent recruitment of his assistant in guiding GIS issues in the
country programmes.
There are no dedicated GIS staff at the various project offices but all the GIS Needs are handled by
the WWF-ESARPO GIS Manager and his assistant. Data collection in the field is however usually
carried out by the trained project extension officers and partners. The training is offered by
ESARPO’s GIS Unit.
Data
GIS Data for the CEAI project areas at WWF-KCO are well structured in various themes and layers
for each project area i.e. Kiunga (Lamu), Boni-Dodori and Kwale (Ukunda). The various thematic
areas that are covered by the existing data sets include:
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Land-registration systems, ownership types and landuse as well as landcover patterns
Environment
Forestry and Wildlife
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ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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Agriculture- Agricultural systems, irrigation, plantation farming, livestock production,
Shifting cultivation, etc
Water
Mining
Logging-Industrial Logging concessions
Hardware and Software
As indicated earlier, WWF-KCO is drawing benefits from the WWF-ESARPO’s infrastructure. This
means ESARPO’s hardware and software are being used to support the field projects. The following
hardware and software are being run and serviced at ESARPO:
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ArcGIS 10.x with full extensions being a grant from WWF-US who has an arrangement with
TNC and ESRI (the software manufacturer) to give back to conservation as their CSR through
software grants to conservation organizations. This software is being used to handle all aspects of
GIS DB management, Geoprocessing and spatial analysis, 3-D modelling, Ecosystem Services
Modelling, Hydrological Modelling, Habitat Modelling and cartography/map-making).
ERDAS Imagine. ESARPO has purchased this software from the local distributors and is being
used to process satellite imagery and for all aspects of Remote Sensing (Image Geometric
Corrections, Radiometric Corrections, Atmospheric Corrections, Spatial, Spectral and
Radiometric enhancements as well as Digital Image Classification, both per pixel and objectoriented classification).
Definiens Developer (eCognition). Acquired in partnership with University of Louvain in
Belgium. This software is mostly used for object-oriented image classification for landuse
planning and for automatic feature extraction in image vectorization.
Google Earth Pro for quick analyses of landuse change or forest cover change in different
landscapes.
High spec computers and a server as well as enough back-up drives are available. There are no
bottlenecks in terms of hardware. All these are however WWF-ESARPO facilities but there is no
immediate need for KCO to purchase hardware, except perhaps a couple of GPS receivers or
PDAs and Digital Cameras.
Staffing and capacity Building
WWF-KCO enjoys close support on GIS issues from ESARPO’s GIS Unit. There’s need however to
have some interns to help fast-track certain field tasks such as data collection using mobile devices
(GPS receivers, Smart phones, PDAs, etc) which data will then be subsequently uploaded to the GIS
database. Capacity building remains a continuous need to boost the competence levels of the different
project staff who are hired to do different types of tasks but who require GIS as a day-to-day tool in
their field engagements. Currently the GIS Unit at ESARPO is manned by Zachary Maritim, being
assisted by Liya Mango.
3.3 The case of Tanzania
Background
Tanzania is pretty much the same as Mozambique. There are no full time GIS staff and there are no
GIS software. Hardware purchases will need to be done as well as purchase of data collection
equipment (GPS receivers, GPS Cameras and use of Smart Phones by those who have them).
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ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
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Many players in GIS & Remote Sensing have been involved in various projects in Tanzania’s coastal
region. These sets of data are however scattered and unstructured and require concerted effort to
achieve this collation.
Data
Most of the existing data for CEAI-Tanzania is what has been collected and processed to some degree
by WWF-US and a series of consultancies. Universities (such as Sokoine University of Agriculture,
SUA) hold a significant amount of data that can be accessed through agreements on data sharing
protocols and MoUs as well as respecting copyright issues from the holders of primary data (such as
satellite imagery). These data sets have already been backed up at WWF-ESARPO and will form part
of the baseline data for the implementation of the CEAI-Tanzania GIS database. Most of these
datasets were however collected and processed far from the required participatory approach and
therefore there are many inconsistencies which need to be addressed to make the data acceptable by
the user community (e.g. district water offices). Basin and sub-basin boundaries must be aligned with
correct administrative boundaries as well as protected area boundaries. This can only be done through
a participatory process that brings on board the users themselves and the various stakeholders in the
region. Capacity building will also help in the validation process.
Staffing and capacity Building
CEAI-Tanzania will require capacity building for its field staff as well as the M&E officer on matters
of GIS and Remote Sensing. An intern would also help a lot in data collection and in extending
training to partners in the field such as rangers, wardens and other field communities. A training of
trainers will need to be organized in one of the CEAI countries to train identified potential GIS focal
persons who will then carry out further training and mobilization of the communities in the field.
Recommended setup
The recommended for CEAI-Tanzania is training and capacity building of the M&E officer followed
by installation of ArcGIS 10.x in his/her computer. A recruitment of an intern will also help cover the
vast region in question. The partners and local communities will require simplified training on simple
tools such as use of Smart phones to collect data, use of GPS receivers and downloading of GPS
coordinates from the said smart phones and GPS receivers with subsequent upload to Google maps
for viewing, discussions and decision-making.
4.0 GPS Data Collection & Integration into GIS/DB
A Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to gather location information of features on the ground for
purposes of monitoring or change analysis as well as for Spatial Planning. Training will be required in
this area to help the field staff collect good quality GPS data. An exercise to check how georeferenced
data in the GIS Database (DB) overlays with GPS-gathered data with the location of features in the DB
such as roads, buildings, or habitat edge will be carried out during the training workshops. To do this,
one will collect data with GPS, import it into a GIS, and overlay it with data from the DB.
This exercise will be divided in the following sections:
1. GPS Planning: Decide what we want to collect so as to come up with a survey design. In
addition, we prepare the form for field data collection.
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 14
2. GPS Configuration: Configure the GPS so it records coordinates in the correct coordinate
system and units.
3. Data Collection: switch on our GPS gadgets. We proceed to collect various points as per our
design
4. GIS Integration: Then download the points to our laptops. We can do this in one of two ways:
If we have a Garmin GPS we can use the extension DNR Garmin. If we don’t, we will import the
data as a table.
GPS Planning
Plan what features/objects
to collect/pick/survey
GIS Integration/DB
Updating/uploading
GPS Configuration
Chose the right coordinate
system-UTM WGS84
GPS Data
Downloading
Data
Collection
Figure 8: The GPS Data Collection Process
5.0 Deliverables/Expected Outputs
1. A GIS Needs Assessment report for the CEAI. The report should detail recommended setup for
the CEAI GIS needs.
2. A collation of available GIS data for priority landscapes and activities of the CEAI. This was
already done with Bronwyn Llewellyn and from the various WWF-US data sources. It is worth
noting that WWF-US has been involved in many activities in the region and has collected
significant amounts of data. The data will need to be reviewed with respect to actual user
community needs.
Other Deliverables:
 A Geodatabase for centralizing GIS data storage, retrieval, manipulation and
dissemination
 M&E and EIA Reports that may be available in the region to show various drivers
including planned and existing developments, concessions and infrastructure.
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 15
6.0 Recommendations














At the Technical GIS/RS Database Level, it is recommended to implement ArcGIS (ArcInfo)
platform that the ESARPO GIS Unit and the CEAI’s M&E Officer will administer.
There is need for a GIS person in each of the 3 country offices who will put up at least 50% 0f
their time to GIS and Data Management. This is very critical since training alone has not been
proven sufficient for sustainability.
At least each station should have a Workstation dedicated to GIS and a good storage (at least
1Tb) and backup system (preferably offsite).
There is need for a dual purpose data management system which will take care of spatial data but
also other non spatial attribute data from the field and should start simple. In order to do this
thoroughly, there must be a data manager who is competent with the technologies but at the basic
level, even a nicely organized redundant, well backed-up file system would be a big plus. A
place where if you visited TCO you would be told “Here is where all our data lives” and you can
access it from anywhere on the network.
Each country office shall have a standalone GIS with replicas of these kept at the internet-based
ESARPO system. This will ensure that system availability exists since field stations do not have
reliable internet connectivity.
The system will be maintained by WWF staff at ESARPO and at country offices. The consumers
of the service will be the WWF partners, CEAI Staff and government departments in the relevant
line ministries working within the jurisdiction of the WWF project intervention areas.
At the data collection and field documentation level, we recommend thorough training on GPS
and Smart Phone usage as well as use of Digital GPS Cameras.
Further to this, a thorough three to four-day capacity building/training on Google Earth
Professional’s aspects of data uploads, downloads, geo-processing and cartographic techniques
should be conducted to enable users to make their own maps and query their own data or data
uploaded by specialists.
Database update through collection of new/changed features in the field and the CEAI’s structural
and organizational changes.
Training of CEAI personnel in the implementation and maintenance of the GIS database system
through seminars and workshops.
Use of modern technology in collecting data by CEAI; acquisition of equipment with high
efficiency and accuracy of work.
A server machine and standby power backup/battery should be in place to prevent database server
system from data loss.
Collection and collation as well as cleaning of data from various data sources and the upload to
database.
Purchase of equipment such as Handheld GPS receivers, GPS Cameras for field work.
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 16
Appendix I: The Terms of Reference (TORs)
During the past two years the CEAI has been able to meet some of the growing demand for spatial
planning from within WWF and from its external partners, attempting to coordinate efforts in progress by
other parties, creating maps as needed, and gathering together a large amount of existing shapefiles and
other GIS data to be kept in the region.
However, a number of constraints to effective use of GIS capabilities in CEAI have emerged in 2011.
These include:
1. The loss in early 2011 of the only internal CEAI staff member (Bronwyn Llewellyn) who had
GIS skills and experience
2. That GIS/spatial planning has been largely focused in the Ruvuma Landscape, been ad hoc, and
reactive to funding opportunities presented.
3. Many of the techniques used require advanced training and expensive software and hardware,
making them unsuitable for sharing with field staff or partners.
4. While a significant amount of funding has been invested by WWF through or with CEAI overall
in GIS/ spatial planning in last few years (amounting to US$ 300,000+) from WWF US, WWF
Sweden, WWF UK (and additional to this - through individual donor projects at CO scale) there
has been limited consolidation of results
5. Much of the GIS work has been specific initiatives which have not yet been built into a coherent
overall programme. Currently data is often held and managed in a variety of locations and
institutions - in NOs or northern institutions outside CEA, ESARPO or the COs and not easily
accessible for day to day needs. Capacity for applied use has often been built externally or in
consultants rather than internally in CEA or country level or local partner ones.
6. The WWF GIS investment/activities have often responded to 'supply' options in their design and
in their implementation externally (availability of a tied grant, availability of a technical
specialist, specific staff interests) and less so 'demand' driven in the CEA, COs, country, thematic
or landscape level. Resource flows and expenditures have also reflected this.
7. There is a need in some of the “WWF landscapes” (e.g. Rovuma) to adjust the GIS/spatial
planning scale and ‘limits’ to better fit the administrative, social, environmental or management
unit realities on the ground. There is also a need for consistency – currently a large range of
WWF maps on web pages/printed/used by WWF entities etc have a bewildering range of
landscape names, boundaries and descriptions or vary considerably in quality of data.
8. The strongest demand evident from the discussions with CEA constituency of COs, partners, land
managers or decision makers - is for GIS, mapping and spatial planning support to tackle 2 levels
of scale. The scale of districts, village and community resource management. And the scale of
regional + provincial level and 'ecosystem' scale at regional/and landscape level. These two
different scales require different kinds of GIS capacity, methods, software and training in their
use; and ability to consolidate data across the scales.
9. The M&E framework and baselines established now for monitoring and evaluating the delivery
of the CEAI also requires suitable GIS/mapping capacity as also does the increasing work of
tracking spatial development schemes, in climate change vulnerability assessments, in Strategic
Environmental Assessments etc.
These are all factors that promote the need for a GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme and
which need to be addressed in the design and outputs of the Needs Assessment.
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 17
Appendix II: GIS DB Implementation Plan
The CEAI GIS DB Life Cycle
Objectives
This project will pursue the following objectives:
 Undertake a GIS Needs Assessment for the CEAI programme with a particular focus on
addressing the 9 priority issues noted in the background information above and the
Review of CEAI GIS Status (Llewellyn et al 2011).
 To identify and evaluate existing data and plans for Coastal East Africa Initiative
(CEAI)
 To carry out requirements analysis and specification for developing an enterprise spatial
(under ArcGIS) and attribute (under SQL Server) database as well as an M&E strategy
for GIS.
 To develop conceptual, logical and physical models and database schemas (using MS
Visio 2003) and to generate XML Interchange (XMI) for subsequent Object-Relational
Enterprise Database (EDB) using ArcInfo CASE Tool.
 To collect sample data using GPS technology to be fed directly into the Enterprise
Database (EDB).
 To demonstrate scenarios on querying, interpreting, visualizing and taking decision
through analysis in a distributed web-based system (under ArcGIS Server). This will be
done by way of writing views for data extraction and analysis. Such a system would be
shared with donors and partners in the conservation world
 Community GIS………
The DB development Life Cycle
Below is the DB design life cycle that will be followed in the design of the DB’s
processes and its inputs and outputs:
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
SYSTEM
OWNERS (CEAI):
STEERING
COMMITTEE
Page 18
PROBLEMS
DIRECTIVE
(INEFFICIENCIES)
PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION
PROJECT
CHARTER
(CONTRACT)
SYSTEM
FEEDBACK
(UPDATES)
BUSINESS
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
ANALYSIS
OPERATION &
SUPPORT
SCOPE,
CONSTRAINTS
SCHEDULE
OPERATIONAL
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION
FACTS: AD
HOC DATA/
INFO
SCATTERED
EVERYWHERE
FEEDBACK
PROBLEMS
LESSONS
DOCUMENTATION
TRAINING
PROJECT
TEAM
(CEAI M&E &
ESARPO GIS
REQUIREMENTS/
PRIORITIES: DATA
COLLECTION &
GEOREFERENCING
DIGITIZING,
BUSINESS
IMPROVEMENT
OBJECTIVES:
EFFICIENCY
REQUIREMENTS
ANALYSIS
DEMOS,
FEEDBACK
TEST CASES
FUNCTIONAL
SYSTEM
IDEAS, OPINIONS,
STANDARDS
CONSTRUCTION
IDEAS
PRESENTATIONS
BUSINESS
REQUIREMENT
STATEMENT
DECISION
ANALYSIS
DESIGN
SPECS
APPROVED SYSTEM
(INCEPTION REPORT)
DESIGN
Fig 1: CEAI GIS DB Design Life Cycle
User Requirements Collection and Analysis
Once the contract was signed between CEAI and ESARPO, a desktop study was started to obtain the user
needs and requirements which shall need to be validated through on-site discussions with CEAI staff and
its partners. Not all the issues required/raised in the Terms of Reference (TORs) in the GIS requirements
collection/analysis in order to come up with the System and Database Requirements for purposes of
process modeling, Entity Relationship Modeling and System Specification modeling could be addressed
through the desktop study. The results of the desktop study are presented in this draft report. The CEAI
GIS Users would prefer a Client-Server (Desktop Application) that enables them to input spatial and
attribute data and obtain printed maps for decisions on M&E and spatial analysis for biodiversity
information. Eventually an internet-based solution would be designed to take care of off-shore access and
use of the data and information collected.
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 19
3.2.1 CEAI’s Current Situation
Field survey /data collection
Using handheld GPS receivers
and Field note books,
Ad hoc data spread out in
different files
Output hardcopy
Reports. No maps
Storage in
steel cabinets.
No indexing.
Reproduction/
Reports (Baseline
Surveys, SocioEconomic Surveys)
Report Retrieval
Users: CEAI Leader, Unit
Heads, Staff, Partners and
Local Community
Fig 2: CEAI GIS Current Existing Situation
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
Data
Processing/Reduction
Field data transferred to
excel sheets
Manual Analysis of the
Data from the Excel
Sheets and MS Word
documents
Document Catalogue /index
showing the cabinet
containing ad hoc and difficult
to track
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 20
3.2.3 CEAI’s DB Proposed Solution
Field survey /Data Collection Total
Stations, RTK GPS, DGPS, Satellite
Imagery, Aerial Photography, LIDAR
and RADAR Surveys, SocioEconomic/Baseline Surveys, M&E
Data
Data Processing
/Reduction:
Direct Upload to
the GIS/RS
Database
Central GIS/RS
Database Stores Spatial data (ArcSDE)
and Attribute Information (SQL
Server/MS Access)
Output Hardcopy
Maps/Reports through a
Plotter/Printers. As
many prints as required.
Also softcopies for
presentation, Websites,
etc
Map/Report Retrieval
via Intuitive GUI
Users: CEAI Leader, ICT,
Unit Heads, M&E, Staff,
Partners, Surveyors and
Local Community
Fig 3: CEAI GIS Proposed System
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
System Catalogue / Indexing
for Maps/Plans, Reports,
retrieval and thematic searches
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 21
3.2.4 System Requirements to realize the Proposed Solution
This will be fully realized once extensive consultations and discussions with the users in order to assess
the current capacity of the existing server setup and environment in CEAI and formulate a decision as to
whether to deploy the final GIS database and the required server components in one of the existing
servers or in a new dedicated server or as part of the GIS/RS infrastructure at ESARPO.
It is recommended however to have an ideal setup whereby the GIS server system operates on a dedicated
server for the following reasons:
 The existing and GIS systems are cleanly separated which in turn simplifies the management of
each system.
 System isolation will provide more levels of redundancy in the case where if one of the servers
might go down then those services provided by the other server will still be available. This
provides overall stability in that one system may go down without affecting the other.
 System security is enhanced such that if the functionality of both systems is clearly separated
(i.e. neither system trusts the other) then any breach to the network may not necessarily give a
‘green’ light to freely access the existing systems in that each server has an independent
guaranteed level of security.
 Data access is optimized through load balancing. Since databases are highly IO-resource
intensive, it might be beneficial to have each server accessing a different hard drive array so that
they are not competing for IO resources. Competition for IO resources can be mitigated by
increasing the RAM so that frequent database queries can be cached rather than having them
created on-the-fly for each request.
Ideally, the GIS database server should be physically located at the present server room (at ESARPO or
CEAI as will be agreed).
Hardware Specifications
Form factor: Dependent on whether there is an existing mounting rack, else a Micro ATX Tower will be
sufficient.
Processor: Quad-Core Intel Xeon processor E5405 2.00GHz.
Front side bus: 1333MHz.
Memory: 2GB Memory (2x1GB), 667MHz Single Ranked DIMMs.
Operating System: Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2 Enterprise Edition (Preferably 64-bit though 32bit will suffice).
Hard Drive Description: 73GB 10K RPM Serial-Attach SCSI 3Gbps 2.5-in HotPlug Hard Drive.
Maximum number of users (Recommended): 50
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 22
Database Design Process
Conceptual Design (System Inputs/Outputs)
The CEAI GIS DB requires different types of inputs and outputs various results as captured in
the schematic representation below (Fig 4).
COASTAL EAST AFRICA
INITIATIVE (CEAI) GIS
DATABASE SYSTEM
CONTEXT DIAGRAM
(CONCEPTUAL DESIGN)
Terrestrial Unit
s
dG
rap
h
Ma p
s, C
har
ts a
n
ve r
s
Dri
ity
ers
div
ie
Bi o
Sp e c
s Da
ta
(
Taxo Occurre
n ce
nom
and
ic)
es, d
bas
n
data ta, a
Geo lar Da
,
s
u
e
il
b
f
a
e
T
p
s
Sha DGNs, er Map
s,
Pa p
D XF
ies
ndar n
Bo u
tio
dmin Informa
A
,
s
Ma p
ribute
Field idor, Att
r
/Cor
GP
S
Dat
a
Co (Tele
r
a
l St metry
udie
T
s, e aggin
g,
tc)
e s,
bas etc
ata ata,
eod ar D
s, G abul
file
T
,
s
ape
Sh DGN
es ,
Fs,
eav
DX
a yl )
S, W ation
GP
m
ta ( Infor
Da
ng raphic
ppi
Ma Geog
Marine Unit
na
l In
Ma
ca
nd
sti
ga
d
ki n
Pr
oje
hs
cti
Te
c
hn
i ca
la
nd
Fin
a
nc
s
ial
on
Fig 4: CEAI GIS DB Conceptual Design
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
er)
erv
, S ort
k
r
p
o p
etw Su
(N g/
re ootin
u
t
c
h
tru les
ras ub
Inf Tro
ort
s
ep
an
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an
Pl
ct
els
Pr
oje
Mo
d
ps
Gr
ap
Tra
c
St
ati
nin
Ma
an
d
M&E and
CEAI
Leader
se
ba
ta ce
Da an
d en
an aint
es
ur , M
ed ns
oc tio
Pr ra
S igu
GI onf
C
ge
me
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ma
nt
tio
n
CEAI GIS Database
System
IT
Department
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 23
Logical Design (The Processes)
From the Conceptual design and in consultations with CEAI GIS staff and users of the system,
logical designs for the processes that the system will automate will be derived and constructed as
provided in the diagram below (Fig 5).
TOP LEVEL DIAGRAM/FIGURE 0
GIS Metadata and Technical Documentation
Infrastructure (Hardware and Software)
Marine Unit
ICT/Support
Maintenance and Updates
Special Offer details
Dates and other details
Triggers
Tuning/Maintenance Info
GPS Baseline Surveys, Data Designs
ArcSDE Engine
2. Server
Configuration, Tuning
and Maintenance
Partner details
Querries and Decisions on Modifications
Configuration File
ESRI Standards
Location Information/Coordinates
Scanned Maps/Plans
Map Display and Print Out
Threats Digitized under ArcGIS
Biodiversity Information in Attributes/Maps
Wayleave Data and Information
Terrestrial
Unit
Multi-user Capability
Digitized Data
GPS Data
Updates/Tracking Changes
Species Location Searches/Querries/Views
D1 Vector Geodatabase
1. GIS, GPS, Scanning,
Georeferencing,
Digitizing & Field
Siting Notes
D5 Configuration Tables
D3 Maintenance Schedule
D6. Server catalogue
D4 Scanned/Georeferenced Files
Viewing, Querying, Requests, Modifications, Allocations
Fig 5: CEAI GIS DB Logical Design
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
Maintenance, Networking & Troubleshooting
Baseline Surveys, Species Locations, SSTs
D2 Day Book
GIS Files and Services
GIS Database Configuration Files
Management
and M & E
Office
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 24
Database (DB) Design Requirements
Objective
To develop and deploy a GIS Spatial DB driven application to Geo-referenced metadata information for
viewing, querying, data analysis and M&E on a web/desktop platform with the additional details like
photos and other geo-referenced information incorporated.
CEAI GIS DB Design Technical Approach:




Identification of fields to be captured will be done by physically looking at any existing hard copy or
digital maps from various sources & reports then recording the attributes for the data types collected
and/or to be collected.
This will be followed by development of a data dictionary and designing of spatial tables using MS
Excel and ArcCatalog/MS Visio respectively.
The choice between web and desktop systems will be based on a questionnaire analysis which will be
circulated to selected CEAI staff and partners.
This will be followed by a site visit, carried out as part of the Needs Assessment, in order to
determine the existing data collection and M&E strategies. These strategies and any forms already
designed for field data collection (socio-economic and baseline surveys) will form the basis of the
structure for the relations in the database.
Database design will be based on functionalities identified by the CEAI team and partners and will be
translated to ERD diagrams for DB design and implementation.
Software Installation and Configuration
The sequence of both server and client software will be as follows (note that these steps are for the
regional DB at ESARPO):
a. Installation of Microsoft SQL Server 2008 (or MS Access, as the need will indicate) on the
project server (or existing ESARPO server). SQL user accounts will be created, permissions
to database objects set and tested. A policy for backing up the database every day of the
normal five working days in a week at 1800 hrs shall be put in place.
b. Installation of ESRI ArcSDE (or Google Applications) for SQL Server 2005 in the project
server (or ESARPO Server). This is a requirement so that the geodatabase can be managed
centrally in the RDBMS environment provided by SQL Server. A geodatabase named
ceai_db will be created, and feature types, fields, and domains created based on the data
dictionary table. The user accounts were tested in order to guarantee read/write access to the
geodatabase. The main geodatabase connection will be configured to run as a windows
service meaning that it has to maintain a Started state in order for client computers to access
it. An exception in the operating system firewall will be created so that it can allow client
connections in port 5151.
c. Installation of ESRI ArcGIS Desktop 9.3-ArcInfo on the client computers. It will be
necessary to implement the ArcInfo Edition of the client GIS software so that full
geodatabase-connection capabilities could be realized.
d. Configuration of the geodatabase connection properties on the client computers. In order for
the client GIS software to connect to the geodatabase on the server, the database connection
properties will have to be entered in each client computer by specifying the host name (name
of the server or IP address), the port number in which the service is running on, the database
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS Needs Assessment
Page 25
name, SQL Server username and password. Testing of the connection will be validated using
ArcCatalog and if successful the connection will be saved to disk. Testing of read/write
access to each spatial feature in the geodatabase will be done against the current SQL Server
user account specified in the connection properties.
Application Software Considerations
Subject to the different levels of capacities for the users of the database, different software platforms
will be explored as suggested below:
 Provision of a map viewer for visualizing digitized features and also provide a similar view
using Google Maps (if internet connectivity is available or GE offline).
 Use of ESRI’s ArcReader in which maps published by M&E Officer and GIS Specialist can
be viewed, queried and analyzed by the non-technical user.
 Carrying out spatial queries and analyses based on various criteria of choice.
 Statistical SPSS software for statistical analyses by technical people.
 Support attribute queries for all themes based on location, species type, size etc; this will be
dependent on the information made available from the digitization process.
The GIS database project will be carried out in phases as follows:
The data capture/collection process
SCANNING, GPS
Campaigns, Satellite
Imagery Acquisition,
From Partners
IMAGE
PROCESSING &
GEOREFERENCIN
G
CLEANING
Output: Maps, Charts
& Reports
Figure 6: The Data Capture Process
Zac Maritim
ESARPO GIS Unit
CEAI GIS DB SERVER
Dell Power Edge R410
(Based at ESARPO)
DIGITIZI
NG,
CODING
EDITING/
ATTRIBU
TE ENTRY