Download BIOCHEMISTRY OF BONES

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Biochemistry of Bones
After studying this topic you should be able to describe:
• Chemical composition of bone
• Role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts cells in bone mineralization and bone
resorption.
• Role of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D and Calcitonin in bone metabolism.
• Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Osteogenesis imperfecta.
LECTURE OUTLINE
Biochemistry of Bones
• Bones contain both organic and inorganic material.
• The organic material is mainly protein i.e. type – I collagen, comprising 90-95% of
organic material.
• Type – V collagen is also present in small amounts, as are number of noncollagen proteins.
• The inorganic component is mainly crystalline hydroxyapatite Ca 10(PO4)6(OH)2
along with sodium, magnesium, carbonate and fluoride.
• Approximately 99% of body calcium is contained in bones.
• Bone is dynamic structure that under goes continuing cycles of remodeling,
consisting of resorption followed by deposition of new bone tissues.
OSTEOCLASTS
• Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells; possess an apical membrane domain,
exhibiting a ruffled border that plays a key role in bone resorption.
• A proton translocating ATPase expels protons across the ruffled border in to
resorption area.
• This Lowers the Local PH to 4.0 or less, thus increasing the solubility of
hydroxyapatite & allowing demineralization to occur.
• Lysosomal acid proteases are released that digest the new accessible matrix
proteins.
OSTEOBLASTS
• Osteoblasts are mono-nuclear cells; synthesize most of proteins found in bone as
well as various growth factors & cytokines.
• They are responsible for the deposition of new bone matrix (Osteoid) and its
subsequent mineralization.
• Osteoblasts control mineralization by regulating the passage of calcium &
phosphate ions across their surface membranes.
• The Latter contains alkaline phosphatase, which is used to generate phosphate
ions from inorganic phosphate.
OSTEOCLASTS & OSTEOBLASTS
• Type I Collagens appears to be necessary, with mineralization.
• Acidic phosphoproteins such as bone sialo protein acting as sites of nucleation.
• These proteins contain motifs e.g poly-Asp and poly Glu stretches, that binds
Calcium and may provide an initial scaffold for mineralization.
• Some macro molecules such as certain proteoglycans and glycoproteins, can act
as inhibitors of nucleation.
OSTEOCLASTS & OSTEOBLASTS
• Many factors are involved in the regulation of bone metabolism.
• Some stimulate Osteoblasts e.g Parathyroid hormone, 1, 25 diydroxy
Cholecalicferol
• Other inhibit them e.g. Corticosteriods, Parathyroid hormone & 1, 25 dihydroxy
cholecalciferol also stimulate Osteoclasts, where as calcitonin & estrogen inhibit
them.
Role of Parathyroid Hormone
• Human PTH is a linear poltypeptide that contains 84 a.a residues.
• It is synthesized as part of larger molecule containing 115 a.a residues (pre-proPTH).
• Upon entry of pre-pro-PTH into endoplasmic reticulum, leader sequence is
removing from the amino terminal to form the 90 a.a polypeptide pro-PTH.
• Six additional a.a residues are removed from the amino terminal of pro PTH in the
golgi apparatus and the 84 a.a polypeptide PTH is packaged in secretory granules
and released as the main secretory product of the chief cells.
Actions of Parathyroid Hormone:
• PTH act directly on bones to increase bone resorption & mobilize Ca2+.
• In addition to increasing plasma Ca2+ and depressing the plasma phosphate, PTH
increases phosphate excretion in urine.
• This phosphaturic action is due to a decrease in reabsorption of phosphate in the
proximal tubules.
• PTH also increases reabsorption of Ca2+ in the distal tubules, although Ca2+
excretion is often increased in hyper-parathyroidism because the increase in the
amount filtered overwhelms the effect on reabsorption.
• PTH also increases the formation of 1, 25 dihydroxy Cholecalciferol, and this
increases Ca2+ absorption from intestine.
• On longer time scale, PTH stimulates osteoclasts and osteoblasts with the effect
osteoclasts predominating so that more Ca2+ is mobilized from bone.
Regulation of secretion:
•
Circulating ionized calcium acts directly on the parathyroid gland in a negative
feedback fashion to regulate the secretion of PTH.
•
The key to this regulation is a cell membrane Ca2+ receptor.
•
This serpentine receptor is coupled via G protein to phospholipinositide turn over
and is found in many tissues
•
In this way when the plasma Ca2+ level is high ,PTH secretion is inhibited and the
Ca2+ is deposited in bones.when it is low, secretion is increased and Ca 2+ is
mobilized from the bones .
•
1, 25 dihydrocholecalciferol acts directlly on the parathyroid gland to decrease
prepro PTH mRNA.
•
Increased plasma phosphate stimulates PTH secretion by lowering plasma Ca2+
and inhibiting the formation of 1, 25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol. Magnesium is
required to maintain normal parathyroid secretory response.
•
Impaired PTH release along with diminished target organ, responses to PTH
accounts for the hypocalcemia that occasionally occurs in magnesium deficiency.
Role of vitamin D:
• The active transport of Ca2+ & PO4 from intestine is increased by metabolite of
vitamin D.
• Vitamin D3 which is also called cholecalciferol is produced in skin from 7dehydrocholesterol by action of sunlight.
• In liver vitamin D3 is converted to 25-hydroxycholecaciferol (25-OH D3).
• It is than converted to 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) in the proximal
tubules of kidney.
Actions:
• In addition to increasing Ca2+ absorption from the intestine, it also facilitates Ca2+
reabsorption in the kidneys.
• It acts on bones, where it mobilize Ca2+ and PO4, by increasing the number of
mature Osteoclasts.
• It also stimulates osteoblasts, but the net effect is still Ca2+ mobilization.
•
Mechanism of actions
•
The mRNA that is produced in response to 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol dictate
the formation of a family of calbindin D proteins.
•
These are member of troponin C super family of Ca2+ binding proteins that also
includes calmodulin.
•
Calbindin Ds are found in human intestine, brain and kidneys.
•
In the intestine increased calbindin levels are correlated with increased calcium
transport.
•
There is also evidence that 1,25 dihydroxycholicalciferol increases the number of
calcium H ATPase molecules in the intestinal cells ,these are needed to pump
Ca2+ absorption from the intestine ,1,25 dihydroxycholicalciferol facilitates Ca2+
reabsorption in the kidneys.
•
It acts on bones where it mobilises Ca2+ & po4 by increasing the number of
mature osteoclasts.
•
It also stimulates osteoblasts, but the net effect is still Ca2+ mobilization.
•
Mechanism of actions:
• The formation of 1, 25 dihydrocholicalciferol in the kidneys which is catalyzed by
1alpha hydroxylase is regulated in feed back fashion by plasma Ca 2+ & PO4.
• Its formation is facilitated by PTH and when the plasma Ca2+ level is low, PTH
secretion is increase.
• When the plasma Ca2+ level is high ,little 1,25 dihydroxycholicalciferol is produced
.the production of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol is also increased by low and
inhibited by high plasma PO4 levels, by the direct inhibitory effect of PO4 on alpha
hydroxylase .
Calcitonin:
• Human calcitonin has M.W 3500 and contains 32 amino acid residues.
• Calcitonin is not secreted until the plasma calcium level reaches approximately
9.5mg/dl and that above this calcium level.
• Plasma calcitonin is directly proportionate to plasma calcium.
• Beta –adrenergic agonists, dopamine and estrogen, also stimulate calcitonin
secretion.
• Gastrin, CCK, glucagon and secretin have all been reported to stimulate calcitonin
secretion.
Actions of Calcitonin:
• Serpentine receptors for calcitonin are found in bones and the kidneys.
• Calcitonin lowers the circulating calcium and phosphate levels.
• It exerts its calcium lowering effect by inhibiting bone resorption.
• This action is direct, and calcitonin inhibits the activity of osteocalsts in vitro.
• It also increases Ca2+ excretion in Urine.
DISORDERS INVOLVING BONES
Rickets:
It is due to deficiency of Vitamin D during childhood. The full-blown condition in
children is characterized by weakness and bowing of weight bearing bones, dental
defects and hypocalcemia.
Osteomalacia:
It is due to deficiency of vitamin D during adulthood, results from demineralization of
bones, especially in women who have little exposure to sunlight, often several
pregnancies.
Osteoporesis:
It is generalized progressive reduction in bone tissue mass per unit volume causing
skeletal weakness. The ratio of mineral to organic elements is unchanged in the
remaining normal bone. It is mostly associated with advancing age and the
menopause due to estrogen deficiency.
Hyperparathyroidism:
Excessive parathormone cause bone resorption.
Osteogenesis imperfecta:
It is brittle bone disease characterized by abnormal fragility of bones. Over 90% of
patients with osteo-genesis imperfecta have mutation in genes.