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ARSENIC REMOVAL BY CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL IRON OXIDATION REACTIONS *Paula Gonzalez Contreras1, Henk Dijkman1, Silvia Vega2, Irene Sánchez-Andrea3, Jan Weijma2, Cees Buisman2 1 PAQUES B.V. T de Boerstraat 2 Balk, The Netherlands (*corresponding author: [email protected]) 2 Sub Department of Environmental Technology 3 Laboratory of Microbiology Wageningen University The Netherlands ABSTRACT More than 20 years ago, Paques B.V. introduced innovative biotechnologies to recover metals and to remove sulfate from aqueous streams. These technologies find their origin in the exploration of microorganisms involved in the global sulfur cycle. Currently, several sulfur cycle biotechnologies are applied successfully at full-scale. The sulfur cycle is closely linked with the iron cycle, and also the latter offers opportunities for application of innovative biotechnology for the mining industry. Microorganisms of the natural iron cycle carry out reactions that are not feasible by chemical methods such as ferrous iron oxidation with oxygen at pH below 4. Iron oxidation with oxygen can be conducted using microorganisms living at pH between 0.5 and 7 and at temperatures between 0 and 95ºC. Remarkably these microorganisms can also carry out arsenite oxidation at similar acidic conditions and high temperatures. Making use of the extreme features of these microorganisms, Paques and Wageningen University have developed a biological process to precipitate arsenic as scorodite, which is regarded by metallurgists as the safest medium for long-term arsenic storage. This biological formation of scorodite is a novel combination of biological oxidation and biocrystallization. Depending on the level of saturation, biological oxidation rates and operational conditions, we could control the formation of the iron precipitates such as jarosite and scorodite. Currently new microorganisms have been harvested from hot springs and rock acid mine drainage to foster the growth of specialized microbial communities with potential high iron and arsenic oxidation capacities and higher resistance to other metals. In our paper we address the ongoing research and development of the bioscorodite process. KEYWORDS Biological oxidation, iron biological conversions, arsenic precipitation, jarosite, scorodite