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ECOSYSTEMS VOCAB AND NOTES NAME_________________________ 1. Ecosystems- contains all of the organisms and their nonliving surrounding environment that contribute to the functioning of the ecosystem. (it includes all the animals, plants, water, soil, air, and sunlight present and the interactions among them) 2. Biotic factors-the living parts of the ecosystem-includes the populations and communities of organisms. 3. Abiotic factors-the nonliving parts of the ecosystem-includes the temperature, water, soil, air, and sunlight. 4. Microorganisms-living things that can be a single-celled or multi-celled organism that is too small to be seen without at least a 10x magnifier. 5. LIVING ORGANISMS IN AN ENVIRONMENT CAN BE GROUPED IN TWO WAYS: Population- ALL members of ONE kind of organism that live in a particular area. EX: all of the white-tailed deer in a forest, or all rainbow trout in a stream, or all of the bald cypress trees in the swamp. 6. Communities-a group of different populations of organisms in an area that are coexisting at the same time. EX: all of the squirrels, acorn trees, and grass in a park; or all of the microorganisms in a pond; or all of the cacti, rattlesnakes, and scorpions in the desert. THERE ARE TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THEIR CHARACTERISTICS: 7. Terrestrial- land based ecosystems 8. Forests Grasslands Wetlands Aquatic-water-based ecosystems Lakes and Ponds Oceans Estuaries Saltwater Marshes RANGE OF TEMPERATURE Temps in a forest may vary depending on where the forest is located. EX: temp in a temperate forest ranges from about -30 degrees C to 30 degrees C QUANTITY OF WATER The amount of rainfall a forest receives varies depending on location. Forests receive more rainfall than grasslands. WETLANDS: A wetland is an area of land that, at least part of the year, is underwater. There are both freshwater and saltwater wetland ecosystems including marshes and swamps. Temps in a wetland may vary depending on where the wetland is located. The amount of water here depends on the amount of rainfall and depends on location. GRASSLANDS: have fertile soil and are covered with tall grasses There are various types , including temperate grasslands (prairies and steppes) and savannahs Temps varyAverage temp for a temperate grassland ranges from well over 38 degrees C in summer to -40 degrees C in winter. Rainfall will varyaverage rainfall for temperate grassland is bt 50-88 cm a year FORESTS: Have many trees (with needles or with leaves), shrub, grasses, and ferns QUANTITY OF LIGHT The forest canopy (top layer) receives many hours of sunlight. Therefore, the trees’ leaves grow thickest near the top of the tree. The understory receives filtered sunlight so smaller shrubs and trees grow here Marshes contain few trees and receives a full day of sunlight. Swamps contain trees, allowing for filtered sunlight. BC of limited rainfall, few trees grow in the grasslands. Therefore, grasslands receive full sun all day long. SALINITY SOIL COMPOSITION Depends on type of forest: EX: In a temperate forest, decaying leaf matter contributes to fertile soil ANIMALS FOUND anacondas, boa constrictors, butterflies, cheetahs ,etc. The salinity of a wetland depends on location . EX: the level of salinity in a salt marsh is affected by the tides and amount of rain the ecosystem receives. Wetlands help prevent flooding and erosion of the soil. birds, mammal s, reptiles, amphibians and fish Fertile Soil prairie dogs, bison, and grasshoppers, etc OCEANS: Large bodies of saltwater divided by continents ESTUARIES: Found where the freshwater rivers meet the oceans LAKES AND PONDS: Freshwater that are surrounded by land Temps will vary-deep ocean water is colder than shallow ocean water due to ability for sunlight to penetrate and warm the water Temps vary depending on location Both amount of rainfall and depth of ocean water varies from ocean to ocean Unlike lakes, temp of the water in ponds usually stays the same from top to bottom Ponds are usually shallower than lakes The surface Ocean of the ocean water is receives full salty sunlight. However, deeper ocean water is colder and darker. Estuaries are saltier than a river, but not as salty as the ocean. The amount of salt changes as tides come in and out. drifters (jellyfish or seaweed), swimmers (fish), crawlers (crabs), and those anchored to the ocean floor (corals). crabs, shrimp, birds such as blue heron and egrets, and muskrats. fish, amphibians, ducks, turtles, or beavers