Download Name: Date: Block:______#:______ Chapter 5: Evolution and

Name: ____________________________________ Date:____________________ Block:___________#:______
Chapter 5: Evolution and Community Ecology
1. Black and White, and Spread All Over
A. _______________________ mussels and ________________________ mussels were accidentally
introduced into Lake St. Clair in the late 1980s.
B. They have since ____________________________________________________________________
system and connecting rivers.
C. The _________________________________________ have a high economic and ecological cost.
2. Species Interactions
The zebra mussel has completely _________________________________________________________
in Lake St. Clair.
Niche:
• Describes an organism’s use of ______________________________ and functional role in a community
• Affected by an organism’s ________________________________—its ability to survive and reproduce
under changing environmental conditions
• Often restricted by competition
Types of Interactions
Competition
Predation
X
(+/-)
Parasitism
Herbivory
Mutualism
Commensalism
Assessment Questions:
1. Explain how competition can affect an organism’s niche.
2. How are predation, parasitism and herbivory similar? How are they different?
3. The human digestive tract is filled with bacteria. The bacteria live in the body and get nutrients while
helping to digest food. What kind of species interaction is this? Explain why.
3. Ecological Communities
The ______________ provides the _____________________________ for almost all of the ecological
communities and species interactions on ________________________________ .
4. Primary Producers (____________________________________________________)
A. Capture ______________________ from the ___________ or from
__________________________and store it in the bonds of ______________________________ , making it
available to the rest of the community.
B. Energy from the sun is captured by _______________________like algae, through
_____________________________________________________.
C. Energy from chemicals is captured by some bacteria through
____________________________________________________.
5. Consumers (________________________________________________)
A. Rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients
1. Herbivores: _____________________________________________________________
2. Carnivores: _____________________________________________________________
3. Omnivores: _____________________________________________________________
4. Detritivores and decomposers: recycle nutrients within the ecosystem by
__________________________________________________________________________________
________
B. Use oxygen to break bonds in sugar and release its _________________________________ through
____________________________________________________(primary producers do this, too)
6. Energy in Communities
1. An organism’s rank in a feeding hierarchy is its______________________________________.
2. ____________________________________________always
occupy the first trophic level of any community.
3. In general, only about
_____________________of the energy available at any
trophic level is passed to the next; most of the rest is lost to the
environment as_______________________.
7. Numbers and Biomass in Communities
A. A trophic level’s ________________________________is
the mass of living tissue it contains.
B. In general, there are __________________ organisms and
________________________ biomass at
_______________________________trophic levels than at higher
ones.
8. Food Chains and Food Webs
A. Food chain: ___________________________ series of
feeding relationships
B. Food web: Shows the overlapping and
________________________________________________ food
chains present in a community
9. Keystone Species
A. Species that have strong and/or wide-reaching effects on a
__________________________
B. Removal of a
_________________________________________________can
significantly alter the structure of a community.
Assessment Questions:
1. Explain the difference between a producer & consumer.
2. Describe the effects a sudden decrease of frogs might have on the community that the frogs lived in.
10. Lesson 5.4 Community Stability
A 2010 report on ____________________________________________________ suggests that they
cost the U.S. $120 billion a year in ______________________________________ losses and damages.
11. Ecological Disturbances
A. A community in ______________________________________ is generally stable and balanced, with
most populations at or around________________________________________________.
B. Disturbances or changes in the environment can throw a community into disequilibrium.
C. Severe disturbances can cause permanent changes to a community and initiate a predictable series
of changes called___________________________________________________________.
12. Primary Succession
A. Occurs when there are ________________ traces of the original community remaining, including
____________________________________________________________.
B. _____________________________ species, such as__________________________, are the first to
colonize.
C. The environment changes as new species move in, adding nutrients and generating
____________________________________________.
13. Secondary Succession
A. Occurs when a disturbance dramatically alters a community but
______________________________________________________________________________________
________ B. Common after disturbances such as
____________________________________________________
C. Occurs significantly faster than primary succession
14. Succession in Water
A. Primary aquatic succession occurs when an area fills with water for the first time.
B. Disturbances such as _________________________or excess _____________________________
runoff can lead to secondary aquatic succession.
15. Climax Communities
A. Ecologists once thought succession leads to stable “_______________________________”
communities.
B. Today, ecologists see communities as temporary, _____________________________________
associations of species.
C. Communities are influenced by many factors and constant disturbances.
16. Invasive Species
A. _________________________________________organisms that spread widely in a community
B. A
________________________________________________________________________________________
such as predators, parasites, or competitors enables their population to grow unchecked.
C. Not all invasive species are____________________________________________.
Assessment Questions:
1. What are the major differences between primary and secondary succession?
2. The cane toad was brought to Australia from the island of Hawaii. The toad had been introduced to Hawaii
some time earlier, but has not had the same kind of destructive effects there as it has in Australia. What could
explain why the toad has not become invasive in Hawaii as it did in Australia?