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Name: ____________________________________ Date:____________________ Block:___________#:______ Chapter 5: Evolution and Community Ecology 1. Black and White, and Spread All Over A. _______________________ mussels and ________________________ mussels were accidentally introduced into Lake St. Clair in the late 1980s. B. They have since ____________________________________________________________________ system and connecting rivers. C. The _________________________________________ have a high economic and ecological cost. 2. Species Interactions The zebra mussel has completely _________________________________________________________ in Lake St. Clair. Niche: • Describes an organism’s use of ______________________________ and functional role in a community • Affected by an organism’s ________________________________—its ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions • Often restricted by competition Types of Interactions Competition Predation X (+/-) Parasitism Herbivory Mutualism Commensalism Assessment Questions: 1. Explain how competition can affect an organism’s niche. 2. How are predation, parasitism and herbivory similar? How are they different? 3. The human digestive tract is filled with bacteria. The bacteria live in the body and get nutrients while helping to digest food. What kind of species interaction is this? Explain why. 3. Ecological Communities The ______________ provides the _____________________________ for almost all of the ecological communities and species interactions on ________________________________ . 4. Primary Producers (____________________________________________________) A. Capture ______________________ from the ___________ or from __________________________and store it in the bonds of ______________________________ , making it available to the rest of the community. B. Energy from the sun is captured by _______________________like algae, through _____________________________________________________. C. Energy from chemicals is captured by some bacteria through ____________________________________________________. 5. Consumers (________________________________________________) A. Rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients 1. Herbivores: _____________________________________________________________ 2. Carnivores: _____________________________________________________________ 3. Omnivores: _____________________________________________________________ 4. Detritivores and decomposers: recycle nutrients within the ecosystem by __________________________________________________________________________________ ________ B. Use oxygen to break bonds in sugar and release its _________________________________ through ____________________________________________________(primary producers do this, too) 6. Energy in Communities 1. An organism’s rank in a feeding hierarchy is its______________________________________. 2. ____________________________________________always occupy the first trophic level of any community. 3. In general, only about _____________________of the energy available at any trophic level is passed to the next; most of the rest is lost to the environment as_______________________. 7. Numbers and Biomass in Communities A. A trophic level’s ________________________________is the mass of living tissue it contains. B. In general, there are __________________ organisms and ________________________ biomass at _______________________________trophic levels than at higher ones. 8. Food Chains and Food Webs A. Food chain: ___________________________ series of feeding relationships B. Food web: Shows the overlapping and ________________________________________________ food chains present in a community 9. Keystone Species A. Species that have strong and/or wide-reaching effects on a __________________________ B. Removal of a _________________________________________________can significantly alter the structure of a community. Assessment Questions: 1. Explain the difference between a producer & consumer. 2. Describe the effects a sudden decrease of frogs might have on the community that the frogs lived in. 10. Lesson 5.4 Community Stability A 2010 report on ____________________________________________________ suggests that they cost the U.S. $120 billion a year in ______________________________________ losses and damages. 11. Ecological Disturbances A. A community in ______________________________________ is generally stable and balanced, with most populations at or around________________________________________________. B. Disturbances or changes in the environment can throw a community into disequilibrium. C. Severe disturbances can cause permanent changes to a community and initiate a predictable series of changes called___________________________________________________________. 12. Primary Succession A. Occurs when there are ________________ traces of the original community remaining, including ____________________________________________________________. B. _____________________________ species, such as__________________________, are the first to colonize. C. The environment changes as new species move in, adding nutrients and generating ____________________________________________. 13. Secondary Succession A. Occurs when a disturbance dramatically alters a community but ______________________________________________________________________________________ ________ B. Common after disturbances such as ____________________________________________________ C. Occurs significantly faster than primary succession 14. Succession in Water A. Primary aquatic succession occurs when an area fills with water for the first time. B. Disturbances such as _________________________or excess _____________________________ runoff can lead to secondary aquatic succession. 15. Climax Communities A. Ecologists once thought succession leads to stable “_______________________________” communities. B. Today, ecologists see communities as temporary, _____________________________________ associations of species. C. Communities are influenced by many factors and constant disturbances. 16. Invasive Species A. _________________________________________organisms that spread widely in a community B. A ________________________________________________________________________________________ such as predators, parasites, or competitors enables their population to grow unchecked. C. Not all invasive species are____________________________________________. Assessment Questions: 1. What are the major differences between primary and secondary succession? 2. The cane toad was brought to Australia from the island of Hawaii. The toad had been introduced to Hawaii some time earlier, but has not had the same kind of destructive effects there as it has in Australia. What could explain why the toad has not become invasive in Hawaii as it did in Australia?