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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
HYDROCARBONS
 Carbon
being group IV or 14 is able to
form 4 strong covalent bonds with other
elements such as hydrogen, or itself, to
produce long chains
 Organic
compounds can be straight or
branched
Classes of hydrocarbons
2
main classes
 Aromatic – benzene
 Aliphatic – Alkane, Alkene Alkyne
 If one of the hydrogen atoms in an alkane
is missing then it is called an alkyl group
Functional groups
 Functional
groups are basic units that exist
on the carbon chain.






Alcohol  -ol  R-OH  CH3OH : methanol
Aldehyde  -al  RCHO  C2H5CHO : propanal
Ketone  -one  RCOR  CH3COC2H5 : butanone
Carboxylic acid  -oic acid  RCOOH 
CH3COOH : ethanoic acid
Esters  -yl -oate  RCOOR  HCOOC2H5 : ethyl
methanoate
Amine  -amine RNH2 C2H5NH2  ethanamine
Naming
 Identify
functional group on the chain
 Identify the longest chain containing the
functional group
 Number the carbons in the chain to give
the main functional group the lowest
number
 Number all functional groups in order
 List alphebetically
naming
 Lowest
number rank
 Amine  amino
 Alcohol  hydroxy
 Aldehyde
 Ketone
 Carboxylic acid
Isomers
– same formula different
arrangement
 Geometric – are compounds with the
same molecular formula with alkyl or
functional groups to the same numbered
carbon atoms but arranged differently in
space – only exist where there is a double
bond  cis and trans
 Structural
Naming Alcohols
 Primary  ROH
 Secondary  R
 Tertiary
- OH - R
R
R - OH - R
Reactions
 Alkanes
 combustion and substitution
 Alkenes
 combustion and addition
 combustion, with group 1
metals, oxidation, esterfication
 Alcohols
Alcohols
 React
with Na to produce alk-oxide and
hydrogen gas
 10 and 20 oxidise with acidified KMnO4 or
acidified K2Cr2O7 which both lose their
colour
 Primary oxidise partially to an aldehyde
and fully to a carboxylic acid.
 Secondary oxidise to ketones
Esters

Alcohols react with carboxylic acids in the
presence of H2SO4 to produce Esters
 Propanoic acid + methanol 

methyl propanoate
Smelly – mainly a fruity smell
 Hydrolysis in acid conditions - alcohol and CA
 Hydrolysis in basic conditions - soap and
alcohol

Intermolecular
– alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,
carboxylic acids.
 Polar
polar – anes, enes ynes, benzene,
esters.
 Non
Soap






Produced by saponification of fats and oils using
NaOH. Fats and oils are esters [Triglycerides] of
long chain carboxylic acids – fatty acids. The
sodium salt of the long chain acid is called soap.
C17H35COONa – sodium stearate
Cleaning action of soaps - Ionization of the
molecule to give a charged end
C17H35COONa C17H35COO- + Na+
stearate ion
------------O-
Soap
 The
stearate ion has one polar end with a
–ve charge which is attracted to the water
and one non polar end which is attracted
to the non-polar molecules

------------O Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
 Dislodge and disperse nonpolar molecules
like oil and dirt.
Polymerisation
process of joining short molecules –
monomers- into long chain molecules
 Two types
 Addition
 And Condensation polymerization
 The
Addition
 Involves
a double bond and Catalyst
a carbon = carbon double bond, the π
bond is broken to link up the monomers
using a catalyst
 In
n


CH2=CH catalyst [- CH2- CH - ]
l
= opens
l
R
R
Condensation

This involves a reaction between two different
functional groups in which a molecule of water
is eliminated and the two groups link together

Usually involves two different monomers

The most common types of condensation
polymer occurs between a carboxylic acid and
an alcohol or amine groups
condensation
 Involves
two functional groups
 – one a carboxylic acid
 the other an alcohol or amine
 The carboxylic acid needs to be a
di-oic acid and the other group need to be
di-ol or di-amine
condensation
 n(HOOC-R-COOH)
+ n(HO-R-OH)

 n(-OC-R-COO-R-O) + 2nH2O

n(-OC-R-CO
/ O-R-O )
OH / H
H

HO
Condensation

HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH +

H2N-(CH2)6-NH2

-[OC-(CH2)4-COHN-(CH2)6-NH] + 2nH2O

Hexandioic acid and 1,6 Hexandiamine
produces Nylon 66
Amino acids
 Amino
acids are compounds that contain
an amine group and a carboxylic acid
group.
 • For  amino acids these two functional
groups are bonded to the same C atom.
  Amino acids have both an acidic and a
basic functional group.