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Buddhism An Introduction Siddhartha Gautama • There is much debate about the birth year of Siddhartha Gautama. – Some put the date around 624 BC – Some religious historians put the date between 567 and 487 BC – More modern scholars place his birth between 502 and 420 BC – In short, no one really knows Siddhartha Gautama • Siddhartha was probably born in Kalinga (now Orissa) in India. Siddhartha Gautama • Siddhartha was born a member of the Śãkyas clan. – His father, Suddhodana, was king of the clan – His mother’s name was Maya – Siddhartha was sometimes known as Śãkyamuni, which means “Sage of the Śãkyas.” – He was born into the Kshatriya caste, the second highest level of the caste system. Siddhartha Gautama • It was assumed that Siddhartha would follow in his father’s role as king of the clan. – Siddhartha’s family was Hindu. – Astrologers predicted that he would be either a universal king or a great religious leader. – He was raised in luxury in the hope that he would choose the richness of life as a king. Siddhartha Gautama • At 16, Siddhartha was married to Yaśodharã. – When Siddhartha was 29, the couple had a son named Rãhula – At this point, Siddhartha took four journeys (some say these were, instead, four visions). Siddhartha Gautama • The four visions … – Siddhartha was deeply disturbed on seeing a helpless, frail old man – He saw a depressed man suffering from disease – He saw a grieving family carrying the body of a dead family member – He saw a serene man, an ascetic, leading a reclusive life of meditation Siddhartha Gautama • Making a choice – Siddhartha chose to follow the path of meditation and poverty to find a solution to human suffering – He left the luxuries of his home life, his wife and son, and the promise of leadership in his clan. – Siddhartha adopted the life of a wandering ascetic. Siddhartha Gautama • Things didn’t work out at first. – He tried meditation under two different teachers. – He was not satisfied, as he had to stop meditation without any solutions to the problems of suffering and death. Siddhartha Gautama • Things didn’t work out at first. – He joined a group of Brahmanists in the forest. – He practiced breath control and intense fasting for six years. – He was often at the brink of death. – He decided that neither extreme would bring him any closer to his goals. Siddhartha Gautama • Siddhartha’s realization – He chose to seek a middle path for solutions. – He realized that moderation and meditation would most likely lead him to the answers he sought. Siddhartha Gautama • Sitting under the Bodhi tree – Siddhartha, at the age of 35, sat under a tree and started meditating. – During his first night, he saw all of his previous incarnations. – In the second night, he saw how good or bad deeds led to their subsequent incarnations – On the third night, he progressed beyond himself, and attained enlightenment. Siddhartha Gautama • Nirvana – Nirvana is the state of being when there are no more reincarnations, a release from the constant birth, death, rebirth cycle. – Siddhartha took the title Buddha, or enlightened one. – He decided to take his teachings to others, and to spread his ideas about the middle path. The Buddha • The first sermon – The Buddha found some earlier companions and shared his visions with them. – After his second sermon they, too, achieved enlightenment. The Buddha • Teaching – The teachings of Buddha are known by the term Dharma – He established a system of monks and nuns to continue this teaching – Buddha continued teaching for 45 years, and had tens of thousands of followers. – At the age of 80, the Buddha died, naming no successor, as he felt his teachings would carry on for him. Buddhism • The teachings of Buddha – Get out your graphic organizer and follow along. Buddhism – The Four Noble Truths All life is marked by suffering By doing away with suffering one can gain a release to a state of peace & enlightenment, Nirvana Suffering is brought about by desire One can achieve this goal by following the Eightfold Path Buddhism – The Eightfold Path Right Views Buddhism – The Eightfold Path Right Thinking Buddhism – The Eightfold Path Right Speech Buddhism – The Eightfold Path Right Actions Buddhism – The Eightfold Path Right Way of Life Buddhism – The Eightfold Path Right Endeavors Buddhism – The Eightfold Path Right Mindfulness Buddhism – The Eightfold Path Right Meditation Buddhism – By following Buddha’s teachings, or Dharma, the Buddhist religion has grown into the fourth largest religion in the world. – As there are with most religions, Buddhism has divided into different sects. Buddhism • The three main groups in Buddhism –Theraveda Buddhism –Mahayana Buddhism –Vajrayana Buddhism Buddhism • Theraveda Buddhism – Also known as Southern Buddhism – This branch of Buddhism is most prevalent in India and Southeast Asia – Monks are the primary teachers and leaders of Theraveda Buddhism – Meditation is reserved for the monks – Emphasis is on wisdom, scholarship, and intellectual training. Buddhism • Theraveda Buddhism – Worship by priests and monks centers around relics of the Buddha, and statues – Relics are kept in large buildings called Stupas Buddhism • Mahayana Buddhism – Also known as Northern Buddhism – Mahayana means “Greater Vehicle” – This branch of Buddhism is most prevalent in China, Japan, Korea, Russia, Nepal & Vietnam – Mahayana Buddhism was formed around 100 years after the death of Buddha – Meditation and practice is for everyone – Emphasis is on compassion and an end to world suffering Buddhism • Mahayana Buddhism – Goal of practice is to assist others in achieving Nirvana, and to end suffering for all – To be a Bodhisattva is to be destined for enlightenment – One form of Mahayana Buddhism in Japan is Zen – Mahayana Buddhism is the most widely practiced form of Buddhism in the US and the western world. Buddhism • Vajrayana Buddhism – Mostly, this is Tibetan Buddhism – Vajrayana Buddhists feel they practice a higher form of Buddhism – The practice includes chanting, prayer wheels, yoga, and mandalas – This branch emphasizes the relationship between a student and his guru, or teacher – Since the 11th century, the leader of the Vajrayana Buddhists is the Dalai Lama Buddhism • Vajrayana Buddhism Buddhism • Buddhism today – There are approximately 360,000,000 Buddhists in the world today. – These are divided into about 56% Mahayana, 38% Theraveda, and 6% Tibetan. – There are 3-4 million practicing Buddhists in the US Sources – Adherents.net – Religioustolerance.org The End