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Transcript
“Sphalerons” 4-th Nikhef Mini Workshop “Theory Meets Experiment” Oct 12, 2016 Agenda • Introduction – Context of this mini-workshop, • M.M. – 10’ Part I: Theory – “What are Sphalerons?” Bert Schellekens – 25’ – “Sphalerons in the Early Universe” Marieke Postma – 25’ – “Sphaleron signatures in QCD” Chris Korthalsaltes – 15’ – “Sphaleron signatures for B+L Violation” Jan Smit – 15’ • Break • Part II: Experiment – Search for Sphalerons in (high energy) LHC Ivo van Vulpen – 20’ – Sphalerons in Alice: “Chiral magnetic effect” Jacopo Margutti – 20’ – Search for Sphalerons in cosmic ray showers Charles Timmermans – 20’ • Borrel Physics of the Early Universe Chiral Symmetry Breaking (mass) EW Symmetry Breaking (mass) Electroweak Baryogenesis in the Standard Model? broken phase symmetric phase T > Tc T Tc T Tc expanding bubble (Higgs condensates) Three Sacharov Conditions: ✔ Baryon Number Violation Adler-BellJackiw ✔ C and CP Violation ‘t Hooft, PRL 37 (1976) 8 ✔ Thermal non-equilibrium V 1st order Axial Anomaly: f tunnel f f Quantum anomaly Weak Interaction Higgs Phase Transition f Electroweak Baryogenesis in the Standard Model? Search for new particles or fields! CPV from CKM: − ACP = Jinv * (mt2-mc2) (mc2-mu2) (mu2-mt2) * (mb2-ms2) (ms2-md2) (md2-mb2) − BAU: ΔnB/nγ ≈ 10-10 From CKM: ACP / Tc12 ≈ 10-20 Used: Tc ~ 100 GeV ! SM: MH < ~70 GeV THDM: MH ~ 125 OK ✔ Baryon Number Violation Adler-BellJackiw ✔ ✖ C and CP Violation ✔ ✖ Thermal non-equilibrium st nd 12 order order ‘t Hooft, PRL 37 (1976) 8 V SM Axial Anomaly: f tunnel f f Quantum anomaly Weak Interaction Higgs Phase Transition f <j> == 00 <j> Recipes for Baryogenesis - skip <j> = 0 <j> = 0 Figure 1. 1. Expanding Expanding bubbles bubbles of of the the electroweak-broken electroweak-broken phase phase within within the the Figure <j> = in 0 the electroweak-symmetric phase. surrounding plasma plasma surrounding in the electroweak-symmetric phase. <j> = 0 <j> = 0 CP CP c c c LL ++ c RR <j> = 0 c c LL Sphaleron Sphaleron Figure 1. Expanding bubbles of the electroweak-broken Sphaleron Sphaleron phase within the surrounding plasma in the electroweak-symmetric phase. Expanding bubbles of broken phase B B In a medium of symmetric phase c c <f> = 0 <f> CP = 0 L + R Bubble Wall Bubble Wall <f> = 0 <f> = 0 Baryon production in front of bubble wall Figure 2. Baryon production in front of the bubble walls. Figure 2. Baryon production in front of the bubble walls. cL 2. These asymmetries diffuse into the symmetric phase ahead of the bubble wall, where they 2. These asymmetries diffuse into the symmetric phase ahead of the bubble wall, where they Sphaleron Sphaleron bias electroweak sphaleron transitions [15, 16] to produce more baryons than antibaryons. bias electroweak sphaleron transitions [15, 16] to produce more baryons than antibaryons. 3. Some of the net baryon charge created outside the bubble wall is swept up by the expanding B charge created outside the bubble wall is swept up by the expanding 3. Some of the net baryon wall into the broken phase. In this phase, the rate of sphaleron transitions is strongly wall into the broken phase. In this phase, the rate of sphaleron transitions is strongly suppressed, and can be small enough to avoid washing out the baryons created in the first <f> = 0suppressed, and can be <f> = 0 enough to avoid washing out the baryons created in the first small two steps. Bubble Wall two steps. We illustrate these three steps in figure 2. Figure 2.We Baryon production in front bubble illustrate these three stepsofinthe figure 2. walls. Note: new must be abundant theSakharov conditions for baryon These physics EWBG steps satisfy explicitly the in three These EWBG steps satisfy explicitly the three Sakharov conditions for baryon creation [17]. Firstly, departure from thermodynamic equilibrium is induced by the passage thermal plasma atsymmetric the time ofthrough EWSB. creation [17]. Firstly, departure from thermodynamic equilibrium is induced by the passage 2. These asymmetries the phase ahead ofthe thecosmological bubble wall, plasma. where they of the diffuse rapidlyinto expanding bubble walls Secondly, violation of of the rapidly expanding bubble walls through the cosmological plasma. Secondly, violation of bias electroweak sphaleron transitions [15,the 16] to produce more baryons than baryon number comes from rapid sphaleron transitions in theantibaryons. symmetric phase. And thirdly, Therefore the particles must be roughly at baryon number comes from the rapid sphaleron transitions the phase. And thirdly, 3. Some of the net baryon charge created outside thescattering bubble wall is swept are upinby thesymmetric expanding both C- and CP-violating (CPV) processes needed at the phase boundaries to the TeV scale. both Cand CP-violating (CPV) scattering processes are needed at the phase boundaries to wall into the create brokenthe phase. In this phase, the rate ofthat sphaleron particle number asymmetries bias thetransitions sphaleronsistostrongly create more baryons than create particle number asymmetries the sphalerons to the create suppressed, and can the be small enough to avoid washingthat out bias the baryons created in firstmore baryons than antibaryons. Sphaleron Discussions Today Anomaly: Quantum anomaly • • • • • • • What are sphalerons? How do we go from the quantum anomaly to the nonperturbative picture? What are differences/similarities between SU2 and SU3 Which quantum number play the role of “winding number” SU2:B+L, SU3:Q5? What determines the height of the sphaleron potential? How do sphalerons affect physics in the early universe: Baryogenesis/Leptogenesis Are B+L violating interactions possible: qq 3 l + 7 q +nW, n’Z, n’’H (also Khoze talk 2014) • What would be the experimental signatures: - B+L violating interactions in the LHC (sphaleron potential is ~ 9 TeV) - Chiral magnetic effects in Alice - B+L violating interactions in Auger: shower depth and more? - Km3Net? Enjoy the workshop… https://indico.nikhef.nl/categoryDisplay.py?categId=19 Agenda • Introduction – Context of this mini-workshop, • M.M. – 10’ Part I: Theory – “What are Sphalerons?” Bert Schellekens – 25’ – “Sphalerons in the Early Universe” Marieke Postma – 25’ – “Sphaleron signatures in QCD” Chris Korthalsaltes – 15’ – “Sphaleron signatures for B+L Violation” Jan Smit – 15’ • Break • Part II: Experiment – Search for Sphalerons in (high energy) LHC Ivo van Vulpen – 20’ – Sphalerons in Alice: “Chiral magnetic effect” Jacopo Margutti – 20’ – Search for Sphalerons in cosmic ray showers Charles Timmermans – 20’ • Borrel