Download Cardiovascular System Practice Quiz and Exercises ANSWERS

Cardiovascular System Practice Quiz and Exercises ANSWERS
Label the heart:
Blood flow through the heart:
Aortic valve
Aorta
Artery
arterioles
Left ventricle
Capillaries
Mitral
Valve
venule
Left atrium
vein
Pulmonary VEIN
Vena Cava
Lungs
Pulmonary
ARTERY
Right atrium
Pulmonic
valve
Left ventricle
Tricuspid
valve
1) What percentage of blood goes directly to the coronary arteries? (1 mark)
5%
2) Name the 2 nodes which form the conduction control system of the heart (2 marks)
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
3) What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart? (2 marks)
Increases heart rate
Increases contraction strength
4) Where do you palpate the dorsalis pedis pulse? (1 mark)
The top (dorsal) of the foot between the big toe and the ankle.
5) How do you work out cardiac output? (1 mark)
Cardiac output = stroke volume (70ml) x heart rate
6) What is a normal blood pressure reading? (1 mark)
120/80
7) Draw the negative feedback loop for blood pressure regulation. Name the detector
and 2 effectors. (4 marks)
8) Explain the term portal circulation (1 marks)
Venous blood passes from the digestive system, the spleen and pancreas to the liver.
Known as the hepatic first pass
9) What does HDL stand for and what role does HDL play in the body (2 marks)
High density lipoproteins (HDL) - collects cholesterol from the body's tissues, and brings
it back to the liver. Sometimes referred to as the "good cholesterol" lipoprotein.
10) Give the definition of shock (2 marks)
A reduction in circulating blood volume, blood pressure and cardiac output, resulting in
hypoxia of the tissues
11) What is hypovolaemic shock? (1 mark)
When blood volume is reduced by 15-25%
May be blood or liquid lost
12) Give 4 common symptoms of shock (4 marks)
A fast, weak pulse
Low blood pressure
Feeling faint, weak or nauseous
Dizziness
Cold, clammy skin
Rapid, shallow breathing
Blueness of lips
13) What is atheroma? (1 mark)
Atheroma- Patchy changes in the tunica intima of arteries
Build up of fatty deposits/LDL cholesterol
Oxidation of cholesterol
Accumulation of fat filled monocytes and smooth muscle
Development of a fibrous cap
14) Give 2 complications of atheroma (2 marks)
Thrombosis
Haemorrhage
Partial/complete arterial blockage can lead to…
Angina pectoris
Intermittent claudication
15) What is arteriosclerosis? (1 mark)
Progressive degeneration of arterial walls
Artery walls become fibrous and calcified
Loss of elasticity of blood vessel wall especially in large and medium arteries increases
the systolic blood pressure
16) What is the key difference between angina pain and myocardial infarction pain?
(1 mark)
Angina pain eases on rest
17) Explain the pathophysiology of a myocardial infarction (2 marks)
Occlusion of the blood supply to the heart, resulting in hypoxia then tissue necrosis
Cause - atherosclerosis, embolism
18) Give 4 symptoms of a myocardial infarction (4 marks)
Severe chest pain >20 mins (Does not improve on rest)
Dyspnoea, syncope, fatigue
Feeling of impending doom
Pale and clammy skin
19) Name the 2 types of stroke and explain the difference (4 marks)
Ischemic – Brain tissue dies due to blood vessel blockage
Haemorrhagic – blood vessel in brain ruptures causing brain damage
20) What is a TIA? (1 mark)
Transient ischemic attack = mini stroke
Caused by a microembolism in the brain
Loss of function that resolves within 24 hours
21) Explain what an aneurysm is (1 mark)
Abnormal local dilations of arteries - weakness of the vessel wall
22) Give 3 factors that may predispose you to a DVT (3 marks)
Reduced blood flow
Changes in blood
Damage to blood vessel wall
23) What is a complication of DVT? (1 mark)
Pulmonary embolism
24) What cause varicose veins? (1 mark)
Incompetent valves in the vein
25) Suggest one possible cause of oesophageal varices (1 mark)
Portal hypertension – e.g. liver cirrhosis
Right sided heart failure
26) What is ascites? (1 mark)
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
27) Give 3 complications of hypertension (3 marks)
Retinal bleeding
Cerebral oedema
Renal disease
Blood vessels:
Aneurysm
Heart:
Left ventricle failure – lung congestion
Right ventricle failure – oedema
Brain: Stroke
28) Give one cause and one symptom for right sided heart failure (2 marks)
Increased vascular resistance in the lungs (lung disease)
Back pressure from the left side of the heart (e.g. valve problems)
Previous heart attack
Sx - Systemic oedema, ascites
29) What does stenosis mean? (1 mark)
Narrowing of an orifice
30) What does the term tachycardia mean? (1 mark)
Fast heart rate >100
31) What is endocarditis? (1 mark)
An inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common
structures involved are the heart valves.
32) Give 4 symptoms of endocarditis (4 marks)
Fever/Chills
A new or changed heart murmur
Fatigue
Aching joints and muscles
Night sweats
Shortness of breath
Paleness
Persistent cough
Swelling in your feet, legs or abdomen
Unexplained weight loss
Blood in your urine
Tenderness in your spleen
Red, tender spots under the skin of the fingers Osler’s nodes
Petechiae
33) Describe the chest pain in pericarditis and describe what makes it better and worse
(2 marks)
Chest pain, radiating to the back and relieved by sitting up forward and worsened by
lying down or breathing deeply
34) Suggest one complication of pericarditis (1 mark)
Constrictive pericarditis: Permanent thickening, scarring and contracture of the
pericardium. In these people, the pericardium loses much of its elasticity and resembles
a rigid case that's tight around the heart, which keeps the heart from working properly.
Cardiac tamponade. When too much fluid collects in the pericardium, putting pressure
on the heart and stopping it from filling properly.
35) Give 2 key differences between the structure of arteries and veins (2 marks)
Veins have thinner walls
Some veins have valves
36) What are anastomoses? (1 mark)
Arteries which form a link between main arteries supplying an area – provide collateral
circulation
37) Give 2 differences between capillaries and sinusoids? (2 marks)
Sinusoids are wider and have larger pores
38) Which blood vessels are mainly responsible for providing resistance to the flow of
blood? (1 mark)
Arterioles
39) Where would you find the endocardium? (1 mark)
Lining the inside of the heart
40) Which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood? (1 mark)
Right