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Transcript
The Endocrine System Hormones • • • • For hundreds of years, humans have released countless numbers of synthetic compounds into the environment. Many pharmaceuticals, cleaning products, cancer treatments and pesticides are known endocrine disruptors and have disastrous effects on fish populations. Largemouth Bass commonly affected by endocrine disruptors Endocrine disruptors that mimic estrogen hormones have a severe impact on fish fertility and reproduction. They can lead male fish to undergo feminization, a process where males turn into females. They experience a serious decrease in testosterone level and many male fish are found with immature female eggs in their testes. Exposure to estrogen does not stop with the intersex problem. It also reduces production of immune-related proteins in fish which makes them more susceptible to disease. “Our research suggests that estrogen-mimicking compounds may make fish more susceptible to disease by blocking production of hepcidin and other immune-related proteins that help protect fish against disease-causing bacteria,” said Robertson. What are hormones? • Hormone – chemical signal made in one place and travels through body to a target organ • Enable body to maintain homeostasis Where are hormones produced? • Various “glands” – Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreatic islet cells, ovaries, uterus, and testes Endocrine Overview Gland Hormone Made Target Effect(s) Hypothalamus Various Various Main controller of the endocrine system Pituitary Gland (directly controlled by hypothalamus) Various Growth hormone, Fsh, LH, Adrenal gland and thyroid gland Various Adrenal glands Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol Various Fight-or-flight response Various cells in body Prostaglandins Various Fever, cramps, inflammation Pancreas Insulin, glucagon Cells in body, liver Regulates bloodglucose levels Pineal Melatonin Gonads Inhibits reproductive activites, sleep Endocrine Overview Cont. Gland Hormone Made Target Effect(s) Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone Bone, kidney Elevates calcium levels in blood Thymus Thymosin Lymphocytes Plays role in immune response Ovary Estrogens, Progesterone Female reproductive structures Maturation of reproductive organs, prepares uterine lining for pregnancy Testis Testosterone Male reproductive structures Maturation of reproductive organs Thyroid , Thyroxine, calcitonin Various Growth, speeds up metabolism, decreased calcium levels in blood How Hormones Work • Bind to receptors on cell surface (peptide hormones) or in cell nucleus (steroid hormones) • Hormones alter what genes/enzymes are turned on and off in the target cell • Steroid hormones can travel through cell membrane and nuclear membrane • Peptide hormones cannot travel through cell membrane – Use second messengers to transfer signal The ‘Master Gland” and its Master Endocrine Disorders • Goiters – too little thyroxine in blood stream • Diabetes – too little insulin produced or insulin receptors not functioning properly on cells Goiter Endocrine Disorders Cont. • Dwarfism – growth hormone from pituitary gland inhibited • Gigantism – growth hormone from pituitary gland hyperactive • Too much growth hormone during adulthood Acromegaly To much growth hormone Tallest meets shortest man • 1 foot 9.5 inches meets 8 feet 11.1 inches Killed wife w/ cord, son strangle hold (7yrs old) & self -hung(40 yrs old) • Was given to much testosterone for his hormone disorder 10 time the normal levels hyperthyroidism Cretinism to little thyroxin Some affect fat deposits in the lower extremities Hormone disorder Diabetes mellitus (I) • Not enough Insulin • Type I Addison's Disease • Addison's disease is a chronic condition that results when the adrenal glands are unable to produce enough of certain important hormones. This can lead to fatigue, low blood pressure, loss of appetite, and darkening of the skin. Cortisol and aldosterone deficient • Increased levels of Parathyroid hormone -calcium Estrogen decificency Testosterone differences Gynecomastia / estrogen Oxcitocin Cushing's syndrome • occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time Cat endocrine disorders