Download CSE 5290 Artificial Intelligence

CSE 5290 Artificial Intelligence
EX 2: Introduction (Continued)
Reading: Russell, S.J., & Norvig, P. (1995). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Re - Reading Chapter 1 (Pp. 3 - 30); Read
Chapter 26.4 –26.5 (Pp. 831 – 841)
EX2
Problem 26. 3
Suppose we ask the Chinese Room to prove that John Searle is not a conscious being.
After a while, it comes up with a learned paper that looks remarkably like Searle’s paper,
but switches “computer” and “human” throughout, along with all the corresponding
terms. The claim would be that if Searle’s argument is a refutation of the possibility of
conscious machines, then the Chinese Room argument is a fefutation of the possibility of
conscious humans. Then, provided we agree that humans are conscious, this refutes
Searle’s argument by reductio ad adbsurdum. Is this a sound argument? Whiat might
Searle’s response be?
Problem 26.4
In the Brain Prothesis argument, it is important to be able to restore the subject”s brain to
normal, such that its external behavior is as it would have been if the operation had not
taken place. Can the “skeptic” reasonably object that this would require updating those
neurophysiological properties of the neurons relating to conscious experience, as distinct
from those involved in the functional behavior of the neurons?
Problem 26.7
Attempt to write definitions of the terms “intelligence,” “thinking,” and ‘consciousness”
suggest some possible objections to your definitions.
Problem 1.2
We characterized the definitions of AI along two dimensions, humans vs. ideal and
thought vs. action. But there are other dimensions that are worth considering. One
dimension is whether we are interested in theoretical results or in practical applications.
Another is whether we intend our intelligent computers to be conscious or not.
Philosophers have had a lot to say about this issue, and although most AI researchers are
happy to leave the question to the philosophers there has been heated debate. The claim
that machines can be conscious is called the strong AI claim; the weak AI position makes
no such claim. Characterize the eight definitions on page 5 and the seven following
definitions according to the four dimensions we have mentioned and whatever other ones
you feel are helpful.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is…
a. “A collection of algorithms that are computationally tractable, adequate
approximations of intractably specified problems.” (Partridge, 1991)
b. “The enterprise of constructing a physical symbol system that can reliably pass
the Turing Test.” (Ginsberg, 1993)
c. “The field of study that encompasses computational techniques for performing
tasks that apparently require intelligence when performed by humans.”
(Tanimoto, 1990)
d. “A field of study that encompasses computational techniques for performing tasks
that apparently require intelligence when performed by humans.” Tanimoto,
1990)
e. “A very general investigation of the nature of intelligence and the principles and
mechanisms required for understanding or replicating it.” (Sharples, et. al., 1989)
f. “The getting of computers to do things that seem to be intelligent.” (Rowe, 1988)
Problem 1.4
Suppose we extend Evan’s ANALOGY program so that it can score 200 on a standard IQ
test. Would we then have a program more intelligence than a human? Explain.