Download Power of Church and Crusades

The Early Middle Ages
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“One faces the future with one’s past.”
- Pearl S. Buck
Butterflies taste with their feet.
The Early Middle Ages
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Power of the Church
Main Idea
Reform and changes swept through the
Christian Church, one of the most influential
institutions in medieval Europe.
The Early Middle Ages
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Religion in the Middle Ages
Popes as Political Figures
Clergy and Piety
• Pope is head of Roman Catholic
Church
• Clergy people’s main connection to
church, had great influence
• Early popes seen as spiritual leaders –
during Middle Ages, they became
powerful political figures
• Monks: peacemakers, prayed for safety
of rulers, armies
• Manorialism, feudalism encouraged
local loyalties
• Church officials: teachers, record keepers
• Christian beliefs brought people across
Europe together in spiritual community
of Christendom
• Around 1000, influence of church
increased dramatically - great upwelling
of piety, level of devotion, in Europe
• Major life events marked by religious
ceremonies
• Participation in religious services
increased, thousands flocked to
monasteries, joined religious orders
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Lincoln Cathedral in England is an example of a cathedral city
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The Early Middle Ages
Question:
Why was the medieval clergy so influential?
Answer(s): Christian church had strong influence
over daily lives of most Europeans; clergy were
the people's link to the church
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The Early Middle Ages
Growth of Papal Power
Not only were Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of piety,
many clergy members sought ways to improve conditions.
Papacy
• 900s, 1000s, pope had little authority
• Considered head of church, but local
bishops made most important
religious decisions
• Few popes noted for religious
devotion; most were nobles
concerned with increasing own power
Church Reforms
• 1049, first of series of popes
dedicated to reforming papacy came
to power, Leo IX
• Believed that Europe’s clergy had
become corrupt, wanted reform
• Concerned with simony, buying and
selling of church offices by bishops
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Power and Conflict
Excommunication
• Bishops guilty of bad offenses excommunicated, cast out of church
• No greater punishment for Christians in Middle Ages - person excommunicated
could not take part in Eucharist, could not be saved
Reforms
• Leo became more active in governing church than other popes in past
• Reforms brought him into conflict with political, religious leaders
• Many bishops believed pope had no authority to tell them how to act
Conflict
• One who rejected Leo’s authority, bishop of Constantinople
• 1054, Leo excommunicated bishop, bishop excommunicated Leo - split
Christian Church in two
• Those who agreed Leo called Roman Catholics; those who sided with bishop,
Orthodox
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Michael I Cerularius: Patriarch of Constantinople
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Popes and Politics
Popes gained influence over people’s religious
lives, also over European politics
• Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical
courts, heard cases on religious, moral matters
• Pope also ruled territories, like Papal States
– Had ability to raise armies to defend territories
– Several popes hired Normans to fight wars
– Crusades against Muslims launched by popes
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Conflict over Bishops
Although popes had increased their power, they still came into conflict
with political leaders. Popes of the late 1000s were firmly resolved to
change the way members of the clergy were chosen.
Tradition
Reform
Bishop of Milan
• Kings, other
leaders played
active role in
choosing clergy
• Reform popes did not
think anyone but
clergy should choose
religious officials
• Henry IV, Holy Roman
emperor, chose new bishop
for city of Milan
• Holy Roman
emperor named
several popes
• Issue became critical • Henry disputed Gregory’s
during Pope Gregory
authority
VII’s pontificate
• Most important outcome:
Gregory stood up to emperor
• Gregory did not approve,
removed bishop
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Question:
In what ways did popes become stronger in
the Middle Ages?
Answer(s): eliminated corrupt clergy, appointed
bishops, became political leaders, built armies,
ruled territory
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The Early Middle Ages
Network of Monasteries
• Early 900s, group of monks sought to return monasticism to strict roots
• Est. new monastery at Cluny, France, to live by Benedictine Rule
• Monks of Cluny reserved right to choose own abbot
• Cluny became most influential and core of network of monasteries
across western Europe
New Orders
• For some monks, Benedictine life not
strict enough
• Monks wanted lives free from any
worldly distractions
• Created new orders, most popular of
which was Cistercian order
Cistercian Monasteries
• Usually built outside of towns to
ensure isolation
• Undecorated, unheated even in
winter; monks divided time between
prayer, labor
• Other new orders even stricter,
members lived like hermits
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St. Benedict and St. Robert of Molesme
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Question:
What changes were introduced to
monasticism?
Answer(s): stricter rules, monks stayed out of
politics, simplified lives
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The Crusades
Main Idea
The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain
Christian control of the Holy Land, had a
profound economic, political, and social impact
on the societies involved.
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The Early Middle Ages
Launching the Crusades
Goal of Crusades
• European Christians launched series
of religious wars, Crusades, in
Middle Ages
• Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land,
away from Muslims
• Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of
Jews, also where Jesus crucified,
buried, was to come again
• Vital to Christians to control city
Muslims Control Holy Land
• Jerusalem in control of North African
Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s
• Seljuk Turkish Muslims took control of
Persia, other lands, persecuted
Christians visiting region
• Turks attacked Byzantine Empire,
destroyed army, 1071
• Emperor turned to Western Europe,
Pope Urban II, for help
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Muslim Expansion 7th - 8th c.
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The Council of Clermont
Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in
Clermont, France
• Described dangers faced by Byzantines
• Called on Christian warriors to put aside
differences, fight against Turks
– Effective call to arms
– Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for
Crusade
– Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”
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Question:
What events led to the call for a Crusade?
Answer(s): Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land,
threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called
on pope for assistance
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The Early Middle Ages
Fighting the Crusades
Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades set
out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land.
First Crusade
Knights
• Crusaders in two groups,
peasants and knights
• Better trained in warfare than
peasants, but unprepared for
hardship of journey
• Unskilled peasants answered
Pope’s call
• Traveled three years
– Eager to fight non-Christians in
Holy Land
– On the way attacked and
slaughtered German Jews despite
protests
– Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at
Jerusalem
• Siege of Jerusalem victory for
Crusaders, disaster for city
• Renamed four states in Holy Land,
intended to be strongholds against
future Muslim conquests
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Second Crusade
• Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade
• Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144
• European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147
• Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims
Third Crusade
• New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177
• Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin
• Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan
• Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European
Christians out of Jerusalem
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Edessa
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The Mediterranean world after the
Second Crusade in 1173.
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Third Crusade
Three Kings
• Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade
• Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home
• Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land
Mutual Respect
• Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen
• Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister,
Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences
Fierce Fighting
• Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land
• Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land
• Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England
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Richard I, England; Philip II, France; Frederick I, Holy Roman Empire
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Fourth and Later Crusades
Fourth Crusade, 1201
• Jerusalem still in Muslim hands
Zara
• Crusaders could not pay Venetians
to take them to Holy Land
• Zara once belonged to Venice,
now held by Christian king of
Hungary
• In lieu of payment, Crusaders agreed
to attack Zara
• Pope angered that Christian city
attacked, excommunicated all
Constantinople
• Crusaders pushed on
• Attacked Christian city of
Constantinople
• Ransacked city, made one leader
new emperor
More Failures
• Disorganization, lack of
leadership made Fourth Crusade
failure
• Five other Crusades followed,
none successful
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After the Fourth Crusade
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Question:
What was the goal of the Crusades?
Answer(s): to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land
away from the Muslims who controlled it
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Effects of the Crusades
Economic Changes
• Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to
Crusades
• Crusades enhanced existing trade
• Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe
• Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages
Political Changes
• Crusades led to deaths of many
knights, nobles
• Lands left vulnerable
• Other ambitious nobles took control of
unoccupied lands
• Nobles then had more power,
influence in Europe
Social Changes
• Some Europeans respected other
cultures, others intolerant
• Many viewed non-Christians as
enemies, persecuted Jews
• Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as
cruel invaders
• Relations strained for centuries
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Question:
Why did people’s attitudes change after the
Crusades?
Answer(s): Europeans became more intolerant
and saw Jews and Muslims as enemies; Jews and
Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies
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