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Reptiles Reilly Jobkar and Mary Ruggieri Reptiles Domain- Eukaryote Kingdom Phylum- Animalia Chordata Subphylum Class- Vertebrate Reptilia Evolutionary History Evolved 300 mya From amphibians Sharp teeth, claws and strong jaws Hunted insects for food Evolutionary History 300 different genuses of dinosaurs Adapted to environmental conditions 65 mya mass extinction #1 hypothesis- asteroid Only 4 orders survived Reptilian Traits 1. Dry, scaly, waterproof skin 2. Amniotic Egg 3. Lungs 4. Ectotherms 5. Molt/shed their skin Water-tight Skin Decreases Protects Made water loss against wear, tear & infections of keratin Thick protein Lipids repel H20 4 Orders of Modern Reptiles Chelonian 2. Crocodilia 3. Squamata 4. Rynchocephalia 1. Order: Chelonian 250 species of turtles & tortoises Traits 1. Beak No 2. Teeth Oviparity Lay eggs in sand or soil Chelonian 3. Two shells and scutes Carapace- Top dome-like Vertebrae Ribs fused to shell form off of vertebrae PlastronProtects lower ventral shell internal organs Chelonian 4. Body shape & adaptations Aquatic Flat turtles disk-like shell Webbed feet for swimming Terrestrial Dome Feet tortoises shaped shell are scaled and clawed Order: Crocodilia 21 species crocodiles, alligators, caimans & gavials 1. Large heavy armored 2. Carnivorous 3. Oviparity Lay eggs in nest Mother cares for young Order: Squamata 5500 species of lizards and snakes Lizards 1. Carnivorous 2. Lower jaw loosely attached to skull 3. Agile, quick & camouflaged 4. Can detach and regrow tail Squamata Snakes 1. No legs 2. Long backbone Ribs off of each vertebrae 100-400 vertebrae 4. Can pop lower jaw to eat 5. 1000’s of muscles for movement 3. Squamata Constriction Coil around prey Suffocates Injection to death of venom Hemotoxins- affects blood Neurotoxins- affects nerves Squamata Fangs Back Elapids In of throat front of mouth Vipers Retractable Ex. on roof of mouth Copperheads and Rattlesnakes Order: Rhynchocephalia 2 living species of Tuataras 1. New Zealand 2. Third eye Sun detector Crest of head Hunt insects at night Respiratory System Purpose Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the animal and the environment Made up of Lungs Alveoli (air sacs that make up lungs) Increase surface area Respiratory System (Continued) Mechanics Diaphragm moves and rib cage expands with inhalation Contracts with exhalation Snake Respiratory Variation Larger right lung (1/2 length of body) and small nonfunctioning left lung Excretory System Purpose Remove nitrogenous wastes Reptile urine is very concentrated with ammonia Includes- Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder Digestive System Purpose Break One down food into usable molecules way system Mouth to Anus Includes- Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines, and Anus Also includes Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Circulatory System Two loop system Systemic Heart loop to body to heart Pulmonary Heart loop to lungs to heart Circulatory System (Continued) 3 chambered heart (2 Atria and 1 Ventricle) Lizards Snakes Turtles 4 chambered heart (2 Atria and 2 Ventricles) Crocodiles Alligators Can be partial or full Nervous System Sight Larger eyes=better sight Hearing Tympanic Except Snakes membrane snakes use lower jaw to detect vibrations Nervous System (Continued) Smell Jacobson’s Located Brings organ on roof of mouth in scents by using tongue All reptiles have nares except crocodiles and alligators Pits Small prey openings under eyes detect heat given off by Nervous System (Continued) Brain Same size as amphibians’ Larger cerebrum and optic nerve Thermoregulation (Ectotherms) Cold blooded- Use sun to regulate body temperature Reptiles and Amphibians Require less energy (1/10 of food) Cannot live in cold environments (without hibernation) Not very active Thermoregulation (Endotherms) Warm blooded- Regulate body temperature through metabolism Mammals and Birds Lots of energy Need large quantities of food Can live anywhere Very active Reproduction (Oviparity) Most reptiles, all birds, and 3 species of Mammals Shell formed in reproductive tract Laid outside of body Reproduction (Ovoviviparity) Some reptiles Shell is retained in female Young hatch while inside cloaca Reproduction (Viviparity) Most mammals Female releases egg- internal fertilization Mother houses, protects, and feeds young Young is fed via placenta Amniotic Egg Adaptations Prevents embryo from drying out Prevents accumulation of wastes Supplies nutrients for growth and protection Supplies oxygen and water for cellular activities Amniotic Egg Structure and Function Shell Protection Tough Air and prevents water loss and leathery Sac Breathing room while hatching Albumen Stores White protein and water Amniotic Egg Structure and Function (Continued) Allantois Stores nitrogenous waste Exchanges Yolk Sac Contains Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide nutrients and fats Amnion Thin membrane that encloses embryo Contains floating liquid Amniotic Egg Structure and Function (Continued) Chorion Protects embryo and vital parts Interactive Links http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_reptiles.html http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/reptileintscav/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/frog/reptileid/ http://mrnussbaum.com/reptiles/reptiles_anatomy/ http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/explorations/lizards/level1/interact ive1.htm http://www.reptilepark.com.au/kidzoo/games/ Videos http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX00495c4f04407b6066476b.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX667942727363536c4f6d0a.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX0b4b7077565b79587d6345.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX0257417d71656750476377.htm http://www.neok12.com/video/Reptiles/zX586c58475a010b0e6a7c6b.htm Works Cited All information was gathered from notes
