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Chordate Comparison What are the characteristics of a chordate? • • • • Dorsal hallow nerve cord Notochord Pharyngeal pouches A tail beyond the anus Subphylum Urochordata • • • • • • Tunicates Filter feeders Nerve cord Notochord,pharyngeal pouches Temporary tail Gill slits Subphylum cephalochordata • • • • • • • Lancelets Nerve cord Notochord,pharyngeal pouches Temporary tail Gills Closed circulatory system,no true heart Muscle units Fishes-jawless-lampreys’ class • • • • • No true teeth or jaws Fibers and cartilage in skeleton Lack vertebrae and keep notochords Filter feeders as larvae and parasitic as adults Suck up tissues and body fluids Fishes-jawless-hagfishes’ class • • • • No true teeth or jaws Fibers and cartilage in skeleton Lack vertebrae and keep notochords Feed on dead or dying fish with toothed tongue • 6 hearts and open circulatory system Class Chondrichdyes • • • • Sharks,rays,and skates Cartilaginous skeleton Toothlike scales on skin May have 1000’s of teeth Class Osteichthyes • Bony fish Organ systems in fish • Fish may be herbivores,carnivores,parasites,filter feeders,detritus eaters • Esophagus,stomach,pyloric ceca,liver,pancreas,anus Organ systems in fish • Most exchange gases using gills • Most have a single gill opening • Lungfish can survive in O2 poor water Organ systems in fish-movement • Alternatly contacting paired sets of muscles on either side of backbone • Creates s curve and tail propels forward • Swim bladder adjusts buoyancy Organ systems in fish-reproduction • Eggs fertilized externally or internally • Oviparous-eggs hatch outside body • Ovoviviporous-eggs hatch in mothers body-as in guppies • Viviporous-embryos stay in mother’s body but get nourishment from her,instead of from eggexample-sharks Amphibians-anatomy and info • Lives in water as larvae and land as adult • Moist skin w/glands and lacks scales and claws Amphibians-anatomy -digestion • Tadpoles filter feeders and eat algae/adults meat eating • Mouth,esophagus,stomach,small intestines(food absorption),large intestine,,cloaca(for urine ,wastes and eggs or sperm),liver,pancreas,gall bladder Amphibians-anatomy -respiration • Larvae-skin and gills/lungs in adults,usually/salamanders have poor lungs or none and respire through skin and mouth Amphibians-anatomy -circulation • Double loop-1st loop carries O2 poor blood from heart to lungs and skin /2nd loop carries O2 rich blood from heart to body and O2 poor blood back to heart • 3 chamber heart Amphibians-anatomy -excretion • Kidneys to filter wastes from blood Amphibians-anatomy reproduction • • • • sexual Eggs w/o shells Laid in water Larvae are tadpoles Varieties • Order urodela-salamanders and newts-long bodies and tails,usually 4 legs,in woods or water • Order anura-frogs or toads • Order apoda caecillians-legless Reptiles’ anatomy and info • Dry,scaly skin,lungs,eggs w/ several membranes Reptiles’ anatomy -Body temperature • Ectothermsexternal control/environmental control Reptiles’ anatomy -feeding • Herbivores and carnivores…and omnivores Reptiles’ anatomy -respiration • Spongier lungs for more gas exchange Reptiles’ anatomy -circulation • 3 chambered heart,except 4 in alligators and croc’s • double Reptiles’ anatomy -excretion • If water retiles excrete toxic ammonia • If land reptiles excrete uric acid Reptiles’ anatomyresponse,movement • Many have sensory organs in roof of mouth • Some have strong legs and some move in a scurve Reptiles’ anatomy -reproduction • • • • Internal fertilization Lay eggs Oviparous Amniotic egg:4 membranesamnion,yolk,chorion,and allantois Varieties of reptiles • Order squamata-lizards and snakes • Order crocodiliains’s also alligators,caimans and gavials • Order testudines-turtles(water) and tortoises(land)-shell built into skeleton-2parts dorsal –carapace,ventral- plastron • Order sphenodonta-tuataras-near New Zealand,resmble lizards but have 3rd eye Birds-anatomy and info • Reptilelike but have constant body temperatures -endotherms- with wings and feathers made of protein and developes from pits in bird skin • Contour feathers and down • Flight is enabled by pneumatic bones w/ air sacs Birds-anatomy-feeding • • • • • Must eat constantly,depending on size Bills adapted to food getting Have crop to store food Gizzards to break down food physically Esophagus,stomach,intestines,pancreas,liver, cloaca Birds-anatomy-respiration • Most air 1st enters through air sacs in body cavity and bones,then the lungs through specialized tubes,flows in a single direction so always O2 rich-helps maintain high metabolic rate !!! Birds-anatomy-circulation • 4 chambered heart and 2 separate circulatory loops • Complete separation of O2 rich and O2 poor blood Birds-anatomy-excretion • Uric acid fecal sacs-whitish Birds-anatomy-Response • better developed brain • Well developed eyes and optic lobe • Taste and smell usually not well developed Birds-anatomy-movement • Some do not fly,but most do • More rigid skeleton • Large chest muscles attached to large keel Birds-anatomy-Reproduction • Mating by cloacal positioning • Amniotic eggs but with harder shells • Archaeopterx-transitional species leading to birds • Passerines-largest order—perching birds • Piciforms arboreal Mammals • Have hair and mammary glands • Breathe air,4-chambered heart,endotherms Nonplacentals • Monotremes-egg-laying,have a cloaca • Platypus,spiny ant eaters • Marsupials-young develop in external pouch Placentals • • • • Order insectivores--shrews,hedge hogs,moles Order sirenians-manatees Order chiropterns-bats Order rodentia-mice,rats squirrels,beavers,porcupines,gophers,chimpmunks… • Order cetaceans-whales and dolphins • Order perissdactyls--hoofed animals w/ odd # toes-horses,tapirs,rhinos,zebras • Order carnivores-meat eaters--cats,dogs,foxes ,bears,racoons,walruses-some omnivores • Artiodactyls-even- toed hoofed-grazing animals • Xenathrans-no teeth-anteaters,armadillos • Primates • Proboscideans—have trunks Asian and african elephant • Lagomorphs-herbivores-hares and rabbits