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Biochemistry How’d you do? Element • Any of the more than 100 known types of atoms • An element is designated based on its atomic number (number of Protons) • Common elements of organic compounds are H, C, N, O, P, and S Compound • A substance formed by the chemical union of two or more elements • Compounds can only be broken apart by a chemical reaction • Mixtures, in comparison, can be separated without breaking any bonds Covalent Bond • A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule • Covalent bonds are the strongest natural bonds • Organic compounds are held together by covalent bonds Ionic Bond • A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron and the other atom gains an electron • Ionic bonds are weaker than covalent bonds • Once the electron is passed from one atom to the other, the two separate easily and are now electrically charged Hydrogen Bond • A bond created by the weak attraction of a slightly positive hydrogen atom to a slightly negative portion of another molecule • Hydrogen bonds aren’t really bonds at all; just magnetic attractions • They hold the two sides of DNA together, but can be separated fairly easily Carbohydrates • A compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and includes all sugars and starches • Carbohydrates are the most efficient source of energy • Sugars supply immediate energy, whereas starches must first be broken down to sugars Lipids • Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Saturated fats are solid at room temperature (butter); Unsaturated are liquid (oils) • Lipids store much more energy than carbohydrates because they are larger and have more bonds Proteins • A compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen needed by tissues for repair and growth • Proteins are made of unique combinations of 20 amino acids • Proteins make up all Enzymes, which are essential in speeding up chemical reactions Practice these on Quizlet! • http://quizlet.com/_5atql