Download Exam 7 Study Guide

Exam 7 Study Guide
Chemical Regulation
1. Why Hormones?
 Chemical messages from one body part to another
 Communication need to coordinate the whole body
 Homeostasis & Regulation (metabolism, growth, development, etc..)
2. Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation (Endocrine and Nervous)
3. Endocrine
 System of ductless glands
 Chemical signals released into blood
 Slow long-lasting response
4. Nervous
 System of neurons
 Electrical signaling & neurotransmitter release to target cells
 Fast, short-lasting response
5. Types of Hormones (Endocrine only)
 Circulating hormones (diffuse into blood to get to far away targets)
 Local Hormones (Autocrine- hormone releasing cell affected, paracrinehormone affects nearby cells)
6. Lipid Based Hormones
 Hydrophobic
 Diffuse across membrane into cells
 Bind to receptors in the cytoplasm and nucleus
 Bind to DNA as transcription factors
7. Protein Based Hormones
 Hydrophilic
 Cannot diffuse across membrane
 Receptor proteins in cell membrane
 Triggers secondary messenger pathway
8. Nervous System and Endocrine System Linked
 Hypothalamus- master nerve control center
 Receives information from nerves about internal conditions
 Pituitary Gland- Master Gland
 Endocrine system
 Secretes hormones to regulate other glands.
9. Insulin- reduces blood glucose. Glucagon- increases blood glucose
Circulation
10. What needs to be transported? Nutrients, gases, waste, protective agents, and regulator
molecules.
11. All animals have:
 Circulatory fluid- “Blood”
 Tubes- “Blood Vessels”
 Muscular Pump- “Heart”
12. Open Circulatory System- Most Invertebrates, no separation between blood &
interstitial fluid (Hemolymph)
13. Closed Circulatory System- Some Invertebrates and all vertebrates. Blood confined to
vessels, and separate from interstitial fluid.
14. Evolution of 4-Chambered Heart
 Increased body size
 Endothermy
 Flight
 Greater need for energy, fuels, oxygen, and waste removal
15. Heart Structure
 Atrium (Receive Blood) Ventricle (Pump blood out)
 Heart Contracts to push blood out (Systole), when muscle relaxes it fills up with
blood (Diasystole)
 SA node controls heartbeat.
16. Blood Vessels
 Artery- Carries blood from heart to body
 Veins- Return blood to heart
 Capillaries- In charge of gas exchange
17. Lymphatic System (parallel circulatory)
 Transports interstitial fluid & transports white blood cells.
18. Blood
 Plasma- Fluid (55% of volume)
 Cells (45% of volume)
 RBC (Erythrocytes)- transport oxygen
 WBC (Leukocytes)- Defense
 Platelets- Blood clotting
Animal Reproduction
19. Fertilization- joining of egg and sperm. External (Aquatic), Internal (Land)
20. Reproductive Hormones- Testosterone- from testes, Estrogen- from ovaries
Animal Nutrition
21. Animals are heterotrophs. Must take in food for: Fuel, raw materials, and essential
nutrients.
22. Teeth
 Carnivore- Sharp ripping teeth. “Canines”
 Herbivore- Wide grinding teeth. “Molars”
 Omnivore- Both kinds of teeth
23. Path of Food
 Ingest- taking in food
 Digest- mechanical digestion (chewing), and chemical digestion.
 Absorb- diffusion and active transport
 Eliminate- undigested material passes out of the digestive system
24. Peristalsis- pushing food using rhythmic contractions
Nervous System
25. Neuron (Nerve Cell)- many entry points for signal, one path out, and transmits signal
26. Sensory Neuron (Afferent), Interneuron (Associative),and Motor Neuron (Efferent)
27. Transmission of Signal (Think Dominoes)
 Start the signal (Tipping first domino)
 Propagate the signal (dominoes do not move down the line the wave moves
through them)
 Re-Set the system (Have to set dominoes up again to send signal)
28. Neurons are similar to dominoes
 Protein channels are set up
 Once the first one is open, the rest open. (all or nothing response)
 Wave action travels along the neuron
 Neuron has to reset so it can react again
29. Stimulus: Nerve is stimulated
 Reaches threshold potential and Na+ channels open allowing ions to diffuse into
cell.
 Charges reverse when this happens. (Depolarization)
30. Nerve Impulse travels down the neuron (Wave)
31. Change in charge opens subsequent Na+ gates. “voltage-gated channels”
32. Wave moving down neuron= action potential
33. Resetting occurs when K+ ions move out of cell reversing the charge inside the cell
34. Signal always moves in one direction
35. Myelin- Coating on neurons that helps conduct signal
36. The Synapse
 Action potential depolarizes membrane
 Ca++ channels open
 Neurotransmitter vesicles fuse with membrane
 Release neurotransmitter to synaptic cleft
 Neurotransmitter binds with protein receptor
37. Neurotransmitters
 Acetylcholine- transmit signal to skeletal muscle
 Dopamine- pleasure and reward pathways
 Serotonin- affects mood, social behavior and other things
 Glutamate- excites neurons into action
 GABA- inhibits passing of information
Immune System
38. Avenues of Attack
 Points of entry- digestive system, respiratory system, urogenital tract, and break
in skin.
39. Routes of Attack- Circulatory and lymph system
40. 1st line of defense (Barriers)- External barrier epithelial cells & mucus membranes.
Sweat, tears, mucus, saliva, stomach acid, and anti-microbial proteins (lysozyme)
41. 2nd line of defense (Non-specific patrol)
 Innate, general defense
 Patrolling proteins & cells- attack invaders that penetrate barriers.
 Leukocytes- neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells
42. Natural Killer Cells- release perforin protein causing cell to rupture.
43. Inflammatory Response- damage to tissue causes this. Histamines and prostaglandins
create swelling along with capillary dilation.
44. Fever- when local response is not enough. High temps help inhibit bacterial growth,
stimulates phagocytosis, reduces blood iron levels (iron is needed for bacteria to grow)
45. How foreign invaders are recognized
 Antigens- cellular name tags. Any foreign name tags cause response from WBC’s.
 Antigenic determinants- sites on antigens that the immune system recognizes
46. B & T Cells- B cells recognize intact antigens (pathogens in lymph and blood). T cells
recognize antigen fragments. (Pathogens inside cells)
47. B Cells- Humoral response (in fluid) defense against attackers in blood an lymph. Specific
response (make specific antibodies against specific antigen)
48. Types of B cells- Plasma cells (rapid response and short term release), and memory cells
(long term immunity)
49. Antibodies- proteins that bind to a specific antigen. Each antibody is unique and specific.
50. T-Cells- Cell mediated response. Immune response to infected cells.
51. Types of T-Cells- helper T cells (alerts immune system), and killer T cells (attack infected
body cells).
52. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)- antigen glycoproteins. MHC proteins carry bits
of cellular material from cytosol to cell surface. (snapshot of inside of cell)
53. Immune system problems- Auto-immune diseases immune system attacks own
molecules & cells. Allergies over reaction to environment (histamines are released)
Osmoregulation
54. Key for organisms is to maintain isosmotic conditions with environment.
55. Nitrogen Waste- Aquatic organisms can afford to lose water (release ammonia),
Terrestrial need to conserve water (urea), egg layers need to conserve the most water
(uric acid)
56. Mammalian Excretion
 Filtration- Fluid from blood collected (water and solutes)
 Reabsorption- selectively reabsorb needed substances back to blood
 Secretion- Pump out unwanted substances
 Excretion- remove excess substances & toxins from body
57. Urinary system filters blood and maintains osmoregulation
58. Nephrons- functional unit of kidney (filter out urea and other solutes)
59. Maintaining Water Balance
 Too many solutes in blood (Thirst)
 Release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from pituitary gland
 Increases permeability of duct which promotes water reabsorption