Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
RESPIRATORY DISEASES PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT H E L A U L N T G H Y RESPIRATORY ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA PNEUMONIA ASP. PNEUMONIA CYSTIC FIBROSIS PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARDS PUL EMBOLISM DISEASES PUL INFARCT C ASTHMA O BRONCHITIS P D EMPHYSEMA ASTHMA • A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE WITH: OBSTRUCTION, INFLAMMATION AND HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS. • SYMPTOMS: WHEEZING, DYSPNEA, COUGH AND MUCOID SPUTUM. • CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN BUT INVOLVES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES, MUCUS AND SWELLING OF AIRWAYS. Plasma cell Allergens:dust pollen, foods. IgE antigens Next time allergens enter the body they are attracted to IgE on mast cells and cause a release of histamine which causes bronchoconstriction and vasodilatation. Allergic reaction: IgE attaches to mast and basophil cells = Release of histamine ASTHMA SYMPTOMS • • • • • • • WHEEZING CYANOSIS IRRITABLE RESP RATE SWEATING O2 SAT<90-92% UNABLE TO TALK MORE THAN A FEW WORDS AT A TIME. PEAK FLOW TEST PEFR: PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE A DROP IN 5060% IS INDICATION OF A SEVERE ATTACK. TREATMENT • BETA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS - CAUSE BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION AND INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, SUBSTANCES. (Albuterol). • THEOPHYLLINE – BRONCHODILATOR. ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM TEA LEAVES. • CORTICOSTEROIDS - REDUCE INFLAMMATION. • O2 THERAPY • ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC INFECTION. BRONCHITIS INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHI. OFTEN FOLLOWS A COLD OR ANY INFECTION OF NOSE AND THROAT. AGGRAVATED BY SMOKING OR SMOKE, DUST AND CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT BRONCHITIS SYMPTOMS • COUGH WORSE IN AM WITH CLEAR MUCOUS SPUTUM. • BECOMES THICKER YELLOW IF INFECTION OCCURS • FEVER SUGGESTS BACTERIAL INFECTION. MUCOUS PLUG BRONCHIAL GLAND WITH EXCESS MUCOUS BRONCHITIS TREATMENT • REST • FLUIDS • ANTIPYRETIC FOR FEVERS • ANTIBIOTICS FOR PURULENT SPUTUM WHEN HIGH FEVER PERSISTS. EMPHYSEMA • CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN WHICH AIR SACS DEGENERATE UNTIL ELASTIC FIBERS ARE DESTROYED. LEADS TO A DECREASE IN LUNG ELASTICITY, RESULTING IN ACCUMULATION OF CO2 IN THE LUNGS POST EXHALATION. EMPHYSEMA CAUSES AN OVER-INFLATION OF THE ALVEOLI RESULTING FROM A BREAKDOWN OF THE WALLS WITH DECREASED RESPIRATORY FUNCTION. DAMAGE TO ALVEOLI IS IRREVERSIBLE AND RESULTS IN HOLES AND BULLAE IN LUNG TISSUE MOTH-EATEN APPEARANCE BULLAE ETIOLOGY • SMOKING • ADV. STAGE OF BRONCHITIS • MAY FOLLOW ASTHMA AND TB • ATT-ALPHA 1ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY RELATED EMPHYSEMA HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA? • 2.8 MILLION AMERICANS • RANKS 15th AMONG CHRONIC CONDITIONS TO ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS • MEN HAVE HIGHER RATES 53% HIGHER THAN FEMALES SYMPTOMS • INCREASING SOB • COUGH • SPUTUM PRODUCTION • PROLONGED EXPIRATION • ANOREXIA • WT LOSS • MALAISE SMOKERS LUNG OLD PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST MODERN PFT TREATMENT • • • • • NO CURE STOP SMOKING BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS ANTIBIOTICS TREAT WITH A1P1 FOR THOSE WHO HAVE DEFICIENCY • LUNG TRANSPLANT • LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION • BREATHING EXERCISES & PD EMPHYSEMA PATIENT BARREL CHEST PERCUSSION ARDS • A FAILURE OF THE RESP SYS BY FLUID ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE LUNGS THAT CAUSE THEM TO STIFFEN. CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO “LEAK” INTO THE LUNGS • ETIOLOGIES: TRAUMA, SHOCK, BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, HEAD INJURY, SMOKE INHALATION AND NEAR DROWNING. • UPON XRAY LUNGS BECOME WHITEDOUT ARDS SYMPTOMS &TREATMENT • • • • • RAPID BREATHING NASAL FLARING CYANOSIS DYSPNEA ANXIETY AND STRESS • APNEA AT TIMES • RALES, RHONCHI AND WHEEZES • SURVIVAL RATE IS 50% WITH 90% HAVINGA CARDIAC ARREST • O2 AT 100% IS ADMINISTERED INTUBATION AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION • MEDS TO REDUCE INFLAMMATION ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA • ABNORMAL ENTRY OF FLUIDS: VOMIT, BILE, ACIDS INTO THE LUNGS. • TAKES COURSE SIMILAR TO ARDS • SAME TYPE OF TREATMENT IS REQUIRED TO GIVE RESPIRATORY SUPPORT WITH O2 AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION. • FREQUENT SUCTIONING IS DONE EARLY IN THE COURSE OF TREATMENT. • ANTIBIOTICS FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA PNEUMONIA • INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS DUE TO BACT, VIRUSES OR CHEM IRRITANTS • MOST COMMON TYPE IS BACT PNEUMONIA FROM STREP. PNEUMONIAE • OCCURS WHEN THE BODY IS WEAKENED FROM ILLNESS, MALNUTRITION, OLD AGE SYMPTOMS • CHILLS, HIGH FEVER • CHEST PAIN • PRUNE COLORED SPUTUM • SWEATING • RAPID PULSE AND BREATHING • CYANOSIS • CONFUSED MENTAL STATE. TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTICS, O2, NEBULIZER, POSTURAL DRAINAGE, NUTRITION, FLUIDS VACCINES. VACCINATION NEXT PNEUMOCONIOSES OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • INHALATION OF PARTICLES: DUSTS, SILICA, ASBESTOS, COAL, IRON OXIDES, COTTON, FLAX • PARTICLES DEPOSITED DEPEND ON SEDIMENTATION, INERTIAL IMPACTION AND DIFFUSION PATHOLOGY OF DISEASE INHALED PARTICULATES PROLIFERATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO IRRITATION COLLAGEN FORMATION & COALESCING OF NODULES END RESULT IS LUNG AND HEART FAILURE NODULE OF DUST TYPES OF PNEUMCONIOSES • • • • • • SILICOSIS ASBESTOSIS ANTHRACOSIS SIDEROSIS BAGASOSSIS BYSSINOSIS ASBESTOS FIBERS SYMPTOMS • SOB RELATED TO SIZE OF NODULES • WHEEZING • COUGH • DYSPNEA • WEIGHT LOSS • EXCESS SPUTUM • REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE TREATMENT • DUST SUPPRESSION • TREAT SYMPTOMS • SIMILAR TO COPD TREATMENT • ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INFECTION • O2 THERAPY • NEB AND STEROIDS CITY LUNG CYSTIC FIBROSIS • INHERITED AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT OCCURRING IN ABOUT 5% OF POP. • A DISEASE OF EXOCRINE GLANDS WHICH HYPERSECRETE PRIMARILY AFFECTING RESPIRATORY AND GI SYSTEMS • MOST COMMON LETHAL GENETIC DIS. IN WHITE POP. SYMPTOMS ABN SWEAT AND MUCOUS GLANDS WITH LOSS OF NaCl CAN CAUSE: ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE, ARRHYTHMIAS, SHOCK. THICK MUCOUS CAUSES: RESP INFECTION, DYSPNEA, LUNG DISEASE, MALNUTRITION & POOR GROWTH. CHEST PHYSICAL THERAPY NEBULIZER DELIVERY OF BRONCHODILATORS TREATMENT OF CF • PT • EXERCISE TO LOOSEN MUCUS AND STIMULATE COUGHING • BRONCHODILATORS • O2 THERAPY • ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INF. • NUTRITION AND VITAMINS • LUNG TRANSPLANT PULMONARY EMBOLUS • SUDDEN LODGEMENT OF A BLOOD CLOT WITH OBSTRUCTION OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNG PARENCHYMA. • CAN LEAD TO NECROSIS OF LUNG TISSUE = PUL. INFARCT SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT • SYMPTOMS:VARY IN FREQ. & INTENSITY • TACHYPNEA • SUBSTERNAL CHEST PAIN • HYPOXEMIA • TREATMENT: ANALGESICS, HEPARIN (WATCH FOR BLEEDING), O2, SEDATIVES, PUL. EMBOLECTOMY. PhotoGallery anthracosis bronchopneumonia bulbous emphysema PhotoGallery CF bronchiectasis PhotoGallery emphysema PhotoGallery Pul embolus Pul infarct PhotoGallery pneumonia PhotoGallery siderosis PhotoGallery Status asthmaticus PhotoGallery TB Lung transplant ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • • • • • • • www.pediatriconall.com www.courier-journal.com www.fpnotebook.com www.itc.csmd.edu //krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu www.merck.com med-lab.utah.edu