Download Tectogrammatical Annotation English

Tectogrammatical Annotation
of English
19.4.2007
TR_En
• Sentence Representation Structure
• Specific Phenomena
• English-annotation Specific Phenomena
Sentence Representation Structure
• predicative complement/dual
dependency
• ambiguous dependency
• verbal and verbless clauses
– grammatical ellipsis of the
predicate (#EmpVerb)
– verbless clauses (DENOM)
– vocative clauses (VOCAT)
– interjectional clauses (PARTL)
• dependent verbal clauses
– without a finite verb form
– false dependent clauses
– which
•
•
•
•
•
coordination
parenthesis
ellipsis
comparison
restriction, exceptional
conjoining
Predicative Complement
(COMPL)
• free (non-valency) modification!!!
• simultaneous modification of a noun and a verb
• attribute compl.rf (green arrow to the noun)
COMPL
non-COMPL
•
They found their friend ill.
•
•
•
He was found guilty. EFF
He was elected president. EFF
It made him happy.EFF
•
•
I say it as a layman.
They sent the voucher as apology
for delays.
•
•
They regard him as a layman.EFF
He seems fit.PAT
•
•
I like coffee black.
She died young.
•
•
•
•
•
She painted the wall green.RESL
She dresses young.MANN
The door fits tight.MANN
He came running.
He came full of apologies.
•
She was leaving defeated.
•
He stood there, {having} his hands
in his pockets.
•
He went out,.CONJ {and he was}
an ugly old man.
COMPL
• Julia, being a nun,
spent much of her
time in meditation.
non-COMPL
• Julia, who was a
nun.DESCR, spent ...
• Julia,.APPS a nun,
spent ...
• John, tired. DESCR,
went home.
• Pierre Vinken, 50
(years old).DESCR,
was elected
chairman.
Always non-COMPL
•
•
•
•
Mary heard John cry(ing). (raised object)
This drives me nuts.DPHR (phraseme)
She looks good.PAT (semantically it is in fact MANN, but it is an inner
participant of look in the sense of appear)
The old man came in a shabby coat.MANN (prepositional group)
Ambiguous Dependency
• PDT: as low in the tree as possible X PTB:
as high as possible. Keep the PTB
resolutions whenever possible.
– (To the insurace company) He repaid his
debts (to the insurance company).
– He bought (for 70 CZK) a belt (for 70 CZK).
Ambiguous Dependency
•
•
He arrived on Thursday 5th (of) January 1997.
It is located two kilometers from the river.
Ambiguous Dependency
• We will meet at the Central station in the hall.
• Give it to our director Novak.
Ambiguous Dependency
• There are steamboats on the Vltava river.
• She was quick to shut the door.
Verbal Clauses
1) finite verb form, infinite verb form, contextual predicate ellipsis
2) !!! grammatical ellipsis of the predicate !!!
• lexicalized glosses, typically adverbs:
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} Very well/of course/... .ATT
• imperative noun phrases (often + please/adverb)
– {#EmpVerb.PRED}water!/attention!/coffee!.PAT
• inviting noun phrases (“would you like”/”may I offer you”)
– {#EmpVerb.PRED}cigarette?/another coffee?.PAT
• noun phrases as wh-questions (What is...?)
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} Your name?.ACT
• exclamations What a...!
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} What.RSTR a beautiful day!.ACT
• exclamations, Y/N adj questions {This is...+ adj, Is it... + adj?}
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} very interesting!.PAT
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} Boring?.PAT
• adverbials (with prepositions)
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} In Prague.LOC, at 5 p.m.TWHEN
• formulaic expressions {Have...!/Do...! /I wish you...}
– {#EmpVerb.PRED} Good evening!/Merry Christmas!/ Hands up!/All the
best!.PAT
Verbless Clauses
• (possible) adverbials (without prepositions)
– 10 years.DENOM
• exclamations with a relative clause
– The clothes.DENOM she wears.RSTR!
• exclamations You and your...
– You.DENOM and.CONJ your statistics.DENOM! revision
• exclamations – n./adj. phrases, approval/disapproval {This is
a....!}
– Charming couple! Excellent meal! REVISION – not adj. phrases
• assertion, conveying info, warning, forgetfulness
– False alarm./No news./Fire!/The cake!/Mom’s birthday!.DENOM
• noun phrases as yes/no questions – except offers/invitations
– New hat?/Good flight?/Any luck?.DENOM
Vocative Clauses
• George!.VOCAT
• You.RSTR idiot!.VOCAT
• the inscription: Brothers.ID!
Interjections
• not limited to sounds!!!
– Oops!/Wow!/Oh!.PARTL
– Yes/No/Sorry/Well/Hello/Bye!.PARTL
Dependent Clause - Infinite Verb
• predicative complement
– The professor, inspired.COMPL by the article,...
• copula/phase predicate
– He remains inspired.PAT by...
• adverbial clause (prep.+partic.)
– The house, although indebted.CNCS, ...
• dependency on a noun
– two possibilities how to get.PAT money
• verb control
– He told her to leave.PAT
• incongruent participial constructions
– Judging/judged.COND by his face, he was angry. (incongruent
participles)
– Frankly/Strictly/Technically speaking.COND, bla bla
• partic. constructions frozen into subordinators
– <including>, <excluding>, ... see list of Subordinators.
Adjective Introduced by a Subordinator
He has always been an influential, though controversial figure.
False Dependent Clause (DESCR)
• He run into an elephant in the garden, which killed him.
False Dependent Clause (AIM)
He left, never to come back again.
False Dependent Clause (COND)
If I seem angry sometimes, it’s usually because I’m tired.
Which
1. (prep +) which + relative clause coreferent with
a modification
2. (prep +) which + relative clause coreferent with
the predicate
3. which + be in apposition with a modification
4. which + be + why coreferent with the predicate
5. which + be + wh-word coreferent with the
predicate
6. which + be + wh-word modifying a modification
7. which + be + wh-word in apposition with a
modification
1. Which + Relative Clause
Modifying a Modification
• He run into an elephant in the garden, which killed him.
NB: This sentence is ambiguous. It could also be resolved as a relative
clause depending on the predicate (“running into an elephant killed
him”).
2. Which + Relative Clause
Coreferent with the Predicate
We have not answered your question completely, for which
we apologize.
3.
which + be in Apposition with a
Modification
He’s got five points, which was the maximum.
4. Which + be + why Coreferent
with the Predicate
She's poor, which is why she had to come to Arthur.
-The same TR representation also applies to:
She's poor, that's why she had to come to Arthur.
<Which/that, is/was> why.CM
5. Which + be + wh-word Coreferent
with the Predicate
In the process, the uranium (loses, or) is depleted(,) of almost half its
radioactivity, which is how depleted uranium gets its name.
6. Which + be + wh-word Modifying a Modification
This is where you find Ogden Utah, which is where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific
railroads met in 1869.
7.
Which + be + wh-word in Apposition with a Modification
To be successful, the formula is this reach combined with frequency, which is how often
viewers will receive.
Coordination
Coordination/Ellipsis – change!!!
The presidents of Greece and (of) Austria were present
at the ceremony.
Parenthesis
•
1.
2.
3.
the entire subtree: [is_parenthesis=1]
syntactically incorporated (all functors)
syntactically non-incorporated (functor PAR)
lexicalized (functor ATT)
To think.ATT[is_parenthesis=1]....!
What the hell.ATT[is_parenthesis=1]...?
The court, as it seems.PAR[is_parenthesis=1], will make no decision today.
The court, I think.PAR[is_parenthesis=1], will make no decision today.
I think (that) the court will make. PAT[is_parenthesis=0] no decision today.
It’s been annoying, to say.PAR the least.
To conclude. AIM [is_parenthesis=0], let us look at the figures.
Oh God. PARTL [is_parenthesis=0], what should we do?
Frankly speaking.COND [is_parenthesis=0], she has chosen a wrong partner.
Ellipsis (Selection)
• constituent coordination: as low as possible:
– before: He bought red {wine} and white wine.
– now: He bought red and white wine.
• Contextual ellipsis of a multi-word predicate
Do you know him?
I <don’t> {know}.PRED {#Neg.RHEM} {#PersPron}.PAT
I <do> {#VerbPron}.PRED {#PersPron}.PAT.
Do you have to go?
I <do>#VerbPron.PRED #VerbPron.PAT #Cor.ACT #OblFm.DIR1.
(NEW, REVISION PROPOSAL!!!)
Let’s go!
• Allow someone to do something:
(John.VOCAT,) please, {#PersPron.ACT}
let.PRED us.PAT (=me and Mary) go.EFF!
• Imperative for the 1st person plural:
<Let>’s. ACT go.PRED!
Reciprocity
<each other/one another>.#Rcp.PAT
#Gen, #Cor, #Unsp
= #NewNode
Comparison (CPR)
Comparison
Mary sang like John. = Mary sang “equally” like John sang.
Mary sang like John did. = Mary sang “equally” like John #VerbPron.
Comparison
He is fit as a fiddle. = He is fit as a fiddle is fit.
Mary is the same as John. = Mary is the same as John is “some”.
Mary is like John = Mary is “equal” like John is “some”.
Restriction (RESTR)
except, with the exception of, excluding, (all/none) but, beyond, apart
from, unless, bar, barring, besides
Restriction
• totalizer: no/every/.../#Total
– The worst period of my life, apart from the war,...
• “normality”, “regular state”
– Except this week I’ll be teaching regularly.
• unless, apart from the fact that
– We do not share e-mail addresses with third parties
unless required to do so by law.
• exceptional conjoining (besides)
– Besides {going} to Rome, they also went to Venice.
Restriction
She does nothing but complain all day long. (totalizer)
Except this week I'll be teaching regularly. (normality, regular state)
Restriction –Totalizer Insertion
Except for dates, ordinals should be written in words.
Restriction – Ellipsis of the Verb
• restrictive subordinator introducing a prepositional phrase:
Reformists have no access to free media except to the Internet.
= Reformists have no access to free media except that they have access to the
Internet.
Restriction – Ellipsis of the Verb
• restrictive subordinator introducing when, where, what
(not governed by #EmpNoun):
I hardly.EXT ever.THO get the chance to study except {that I do get
the chance to study} when the children have gone to bed.
Hardly ever: ever=totalizer.
• revision: No subtypes with #EmpNoun! The following is
to be resolved as totalizer ellipsis:
BEFORE (current manual): The scan looks very good <apart from>
#EmpNoun.RESTR where the error occurred.RSTR.
PROPOSED: The scan looks very good {#Total.LOC (=
everywhere)} apart from that it looks {#Neg.RHEM} good.RESTR
where the error occurred.
No #EmpNoun like {the places} where the error occurred.
Cf. which/that is where is neither resolved as which/that is {the
place} where.RSTR... but <which/that, is> where.LOC/DIR3
Restriction – Negation Insertion
• when the restrictive subordinator introduces a prepositional
group/wh-word
• apart from: sometimes ambiguous; semantic interpretation
up to the annotator!
Lane closures will effect Castle Boulevard and Castle Bridge Road,
access is maintained apart from to the Castle
= (...), access is maintained {#Total.LOC(everywhere)} apart from that
access is {#Neg.RHEM (not)} maintained to the Castle.
And have you ever been in the hospital as a day patient apart from
when you were having a baby?
= And have you ever been in the hospital (...) apart from that you were
in the hospital when you were having a baby?
≠ And have you ever been in the hospital (...) apart from that you were
not in the hospital when you were having a baby?
Also Resolved as Restriction
• We can but guess at the extent of the
problem.
• Mary, John and Peter, to name but a few.
• I never take a bath but the phone rings.
Not Resolved as Restriction
• But for John, we would have lost this
match.
• Barring accidents, we will be there on
time.
• He did all but strangled me.
• I’d be glad to help, except that I’m going to
be away this weekend.
Consecutive Clauses (RESL)
Consecutive Clauses
• #AsMuch
• enough in a copula-predicate: EXT
– Fumes are often enough.EXT to activate the alarm.
• enough as a semantic adjective: EXT
– People with AIDS have enough.EXT #EmpNoun.PAT
to bear.RSTR
– (flowers) Given the variety available there are
enough.EXT #PersPron.ACT to fill our summer with
colour.
Non-RESL
• Postponed attributes:
They had the votes necessary.RSTR to defeat.AIM
the amendment.
Negace
• zatím totálně zanedbaná.
• Not na slovese = #Neg.RHEM
• no, not any, none, nobody, nowhere atd.:
RSTR a ostatní funktory
Specific Phenomena
•
•
•
•
multi-word predicates
numbers and numerals
identifying expressions
the functor SM – multi-word subordinators
Multi-word Predicates
•
•
•
•
auxiliary
modal
phase
quasi-modal/quasi-phase
Auxiliary Predicates
• do not have their own node on TR, attached as
auxrf to a lexical verb
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
be going to
be (+present participle)
be (+past participle)
will
would
shall
should
have (+past participle)
have been (+present participle)
Modal Predicates
• do not have their own node on TR, attached as
auxrf to a lexical verb
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
can
could
may
might
shall
should
must
ought to
will (when expressing volitionality - rare)
Phase Predicates
• phase verbs have their own nodes on TR,
combinations with lexical verbs treated as
verb control (#Cor)
– begin, start, stop, become, turn, grow, get,
cease, keep, come to... etc.
Quasi-Modal/Quasi-Phase Predicates/
Support Verb Constructions
• quasi-modal/phasi-phase/support verbs
have their own nodes on TR, combinations
with predicate nouns treated as quasicontrol (#QCor)
Copula Predicates
• copula verbs have their own node on TR
– be
– seem
– appear
– + phase verbs
Numbers and Numerals
•
with a countable object: RSTR
– I have 5.RSTR houses.
•
without a countable object: syntactic noun.
– They had 5.PAT of them.DIR1.
•
containers:
1) they govern of x.MAT
2) “half my life.MAT”.
•
labels: ID
– The new Golf 500.ID
•
adverbials: THO, TWHEN, EXT, RSTR....
Identifying Expressions
• articles fully integrated in proper nouns
(the Kremlin, The Hours) have their own
TR node with the functor INTF. Why?
– <a> new “The.INTF Hours” (= a novel exactly
as good as The Hours, “replacing” The Hours)
• names of companies: not analyzed,
[is_name=1] each node in the subtree
• Kent.ID cigarettes
Identifying Expressions
• Descriptor which is not integral part of the
name:
– the city of Prague
• Explicative of-attribute:
– the issue/concept/notion... of time.ID
– the person of Christ.ID
Subjunction Modifiers
•
preposition – noun (± determiner,
adjective) – preposition acting as
subordinator (functor SM)
1. Does it act as a preposition?
2. Can it be paraphrased with a preposition?
3. It cannot be regarded as a predicate noun in
a support verb construction.
4. Its combination with a governing verb cannot
be paraphrased with a verbal expression.
5. Is it coordinated with a preposition?
English-annotation
Specific Phenomena
•
•
•
•
•
•
infinitive clause
gerundial clause
it
one (pro-form)
modifiers
nominalizations
• object-subject
transposition
• cleft sentences
Infinitive – Copula-like Verbs
John seems to understand.
Infinitive-Raised Object
John expects Mary to leave.
John hears Mary cry.
Infinitive Governed by a Predicative
Attribute
John is eager to please.
Object-Subject Transposition
[objsubj=osub3]: John is difficult to please.
Object-Subject Transposition
[objsubj=osub1/2] Crystal breaks easily. (/at the slightest touch.COND)
Object-Subject Transposition
[objsubj=osub4] This flat must have cost a lot to furnish.
Manner adverbial adjective
She was quick to shut the door.
Likely
• paraphrased as That X does Y is likely.
She was likely to leave.
Infinitive Governed
by a Predicative Adjective
She was lucky to get that job.
Gerund/Present Participle
• can also be used as adjective or noun
(see PTB tags)
• modified by
– an adverb = gerundial clause, verbal frame
– an adjective = noun, noun frame (not existent
yet)
• transitive verbs: direct object without of =
gerundial clause
Gerundial Clauses
His leaving no address was most inconvenient.
I hate killing animals.
Gerund in Existential Constructions
• inherits the verbal frame:
There will be singing.
Gerunds as Nouns
• aging of/in the population.REG
The Pronoun it
• anaphorical - own TR node:
– a hat – it.
• deictic/exclamative - own TR node:
– It/They is/are my kid(s).
– It’s me!
• anticipatory/expletive – auxrf at the predicate
verb:
– <It> is a pleasure to be here.ACT.
– I find <it> a pleasure.EFF to be here.PAT
• prop– auxrf at the predicate verb:
– <It> is late.TWHEN
Cleft Sentences
• John broke a
window. / It was John
that broke the
window.
• It was a window John
broke.