Download Chapter 28 (The Renaissance) - Bellbrook

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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 The Italian Renaissance
SECTION 2 France
SECTION 3 Germany and Flanders
SECTION 4 Spain
SECTION 5 England
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
3
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Overview
• Chapter 28 describes the Renaissance and
the changes it brought to western Europe. 
– Section 1 discusses the start of the
Renaissance in Italy. 
– Section 2 describes the Renaissance in
France. 
– Section 3 analyzes the Renaissance in
Germany and Flanders. 
– Section 4 explains the Renaissance in Spain. 
– Section 5 summarizes the Renaissance in
England.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• explain how the Renaissance flourished in
Italy. 
• identify how France was influenced by the
Renaissance. 
• describe how the Renaissance spread to
Germany and Flanders. 
• discuss how the Church and the government
influenced the Renaissance in Spain. 
• cite features of the Renaissance in England.
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Read to Discover
• How the Renaissance flourished in the
Italian city-states 
• How France was influenced by the Italian
Renaissance 
• How the Renaissance spread to Germany
and Flanders 
• How the Roman Catholic Church and the
government influenced the Renaissance in
Spain 
• How the English monarchy promoted the
Renaissance in England
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Terms to Learn
People to Know (cont.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
classical writings 
humanists 
piazza 
doge 
chateaux 
printing press 
People to Know
• Leonardo da
Vinci 
• Michelangelo 
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Johannes Gutenberg 
El Greco 
Henry VIII 
Elizabeth I 
William Shakespeare 
Places to Locate
•
•
•
•
Florence 
Venice 
Papal States 
Toledo
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Why It’s Important
Around 1300, scholars in western Europe
developed a new interest in classical writings,
or the writings of the ancient Greeks and
Romans. The scholars improved their
knowledge of Greek and Latin. They also began
to accept some Greek and Roman ideas.
One idea that that scholars accepted was a
belief in the importance of people. Because of
this, the scholars were called humanists. Their
work caused a break with the thinking of the
Middle Ages and led to a new age called the
Renaissance, a French word meaning “rebirth.”
During this age, people became less concerned
with the mysteries of heaven and more
interested in the world around them.
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The Italian City-States
• The first and leading center of the
Renaissance was Italy, which consisted of
small, independent city-states. 
• At first, each city-state was ruled by
guilds, and later, powerful individuals or
families took control. 
• The leaders of the Italian city-states
wanted to be remembered as wise,
generous rulers.
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Art
• Art was an important part of life in
Renaissance Italy, and city-states were
proud of their artists. 
• Renaissance artists carefully studied
ancient Greek and Roman art, science,
mathematics, and nature. 
• The rulers of the city-states paid good
artists for their paintings and sculptures. 
• One of the greatest Renaissance artists,
Leonardo da Vinci, is known for the
Mona Lisa.
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Art (cont.)
• Another outstanding artist was
Michelangelo Buonarroti, known for his
paintings on the ceiling and altar wall of
Rome’s Sistine Chapel.
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City Life
• While the rich built homes in the classical
style, most people in the cities were poor
and lived in run-down areas. 
• The center of city life was the piazza, or
central square, where markets were set up
and people gathered. 
• Marriages were arranged as if they were
business deals. 
• Most men dressed in tights and tunics, and
women dressed in simply cut, flowing
dresses with tight bodices.
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Florence
• The Italian Renaissance began in Florence,
which was ruled by the Medici family. 
• Lorenzo de Medici, who became the ruler
of Florence in 1478, made it a center of
art and learning. 
• About 1490, Florence’s trade started to
decline. 
• A monk named Savonarola accused the
Medicis of not ruling justly and gained the
people’s support, overthrowing the
Medicis in 1494.
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Florence (cont.)
• By 1498, the people of Florence had tired of
Savonarola’s strict ways, and he was
hanged for heresy. 
• The Medicis returned to power, but
Florence’s greatness had passed.
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The Papal States
• During the 1300s and 1400s Popes wanted
to show Europe’s kings that the Church was
still powerful. 
• In 1492, Rodrigo Borgia became Pope
Alexander VI by bribing cardinals to vote for
him. 
• Pope Alexander’s goal was to make central
Italy a kingdom ruled by the Borgia family. 
• By the time of Alexander’s death in 1503,
Rome had replaced Florence as the center
of the Renaissance.
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Venice
• The Renaissance did not reach Venice until
the late 1500s because Venetians had
looked to Constantinople rather than to
western Europe for art and literature. 
• Venice was ruled by a few merchant
aristocrats that controlled the Senate and
the Council of Ten. 
• The Council passed laws and chose the
doge, or official ruler. 
• The Venetians were expected to place
loyalty to their city above anything else.
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Section Assessment
How important was art during
the Renaissance? Explain.
Art was an important part of life.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What made Venice different from
other Italian city-states?
It looked to Constantinople for art and
literature, was built on 117 islands,
and had canals instead of streets.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
Do you approve or disapprove of the
system of justice in Renaissance
Venice?
Answers will vary.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 440 of
your textbook, and use it to show
characteristics of life in
Renaissance Italy.
Characteristics include: bustling trade
center, a lot of artistic and scientific
work, narrow paved streets with open
sewers, lavish merchant homes on top
of shops, rundown sections for wage
workers, active piazzas, close-knit
family life, fashionable clothing styles,
and so on.
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France
• In 1494, the French began invading Italy,
and French kings became fascinated by
Italian art, architecture, and fashions. 
• In the 1500s, King Francis I and many of
his nobles hired Italian architects to
design chateaux, or castles, which were
then built along the Loire River. 
• Francis I also encouraged French
authors, including the physician-monk
Rabelais, to model their works on those of
Italian authors.
23
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Section Assessment
What did Francis I do to
encourage Renaissance thought
in French literature?
He encouraged French authors to
model their works on those of Italian
authors.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What did Rabelais believe?
He believed that humans were not
tied down by their past and could do
whatever they wished.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Inferences How do you think
people of the time reacted to
Rabelais’s ideas?
Answers will vary.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 440
(bottom), and use it to show the
cause and effects of the arrival of
the Renaissance in France.
cause–French invasion of Italy and
fascination of French kings with Italian
art, architecture, and fashions
effects–employment of Italian artisans
and architects, construction of
chateaux, books modeled after Italian
writers
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Germany and Flanders
• The Renaissance also spread to the rich
trading centers of Germany and Flanders.
• Religious scholars learned Greek and
Hebrew so they could understand the
earliest versions of the Bible. 
• At the same time, German merchants
began to appreciate Renaissance values;
this was the beginning of a new, privileged
middle class.
29
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
Germany and Flanders (cont.)
• About 1440, a German named Johannes
Gutenberg developed a printing press. 
• This allowed many more books and ideas
to spread rapidly. 
• Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, two brothers
from Flanders, discovered how to paint in
oils for deep and rich color.
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Section Assessment
What church reforms did
German and Flemish scholars
want to make?
They wanted changes that would
make church teachings simpler.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
How did the printing press
change European life?
It made many more books available
to people and also made them
cheaper to buy.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Predicting Consequences How
might life in Europe have been
different without the development of
Gutenberg’s printing press?
Answers will vary but could include
that Renaissance ideas might not
have spread as quickly throughout
Europe.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 441 of
your textbook, and use it to support
a generalization about the role of
religion in spreading the
Renaissance to Germany and
Flanders.
Supporting details will vary according
to each generalization.
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Spain
• The Renaissance took root in Spain in the
late 1400s and early 1500s. 
• It was influenced by the close ties between
the Roman Catholic Church and the
government. 
• The leading Church official, Cardinal
Jiménez, was a loyal supporter of the
monarchy and a strong believer in the value
of learning.
36
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Spain (cont.)
• In 1555, Philip II became king. 
• He did not trust the work of scholars. The
Spanish Inquisition charged many with
heresy, and some were burned at the
stake. 
• Despite strong Church and government
controls, the arts flowered. 
• Toledo became a center for painters and
poets, including one Greek painter the
Spanish called El Greco.
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Spain (cont.)
• He painted figures with very long bodies,
parts of which stretched beyond normal
size. 
• The theater was also popular in
Renaissance Spain. 
• Author Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
wrote many plays, short stories, and other
works, including the novel Don Quixote.
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Section Assessment
What factors influenced the
Renaissance in Spain?
It was influenced by the close ties
between the Roman Catholic Church
and the government.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did Philip II mistreat
Spanish scholars?
He did not trust their work and
considered much of it to be heretical.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Comparisons How did
Cardinal Jiménez and Philip II differ
in their attitudes toward learning?
Cardinal Jiménez believed in the
value of learning and helped spread
education. Philip II distrusted the
work of scholars and charged many
of them with heresy.
41
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 443 of
your textbook, and use it to
summarize the contributions of
Jiménez, El Greco, and Cervantes to
the Spanish Renaissance.
Jiménez–founded universities, welcomed
scholars from other countries, helped scholars
produce a new version of the Bible in three
languages
El Greco–spread new painting styles
Cervantes–wrote many plays, short stories, and
other works, including the novel Don Quixote
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England
• In 1455, the House of York and the House
of Lancaster began a fight for the throne, a
struggle called the Wars of the Roses. 
• When the wars ended in 1485, a family
called the Tudors, who fought on the
Lancastrian side, took over the English
throne. 
• The first Tudor king, Henry VII, prepared the
way for the Renaissance. 
• Henry VII’s work was continued by his son,
Henry VIII, who became king in 1509.
44
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England (cont.)
• The English Renaissance reached its height
during the reign of Henry VIII’s daughter
Elizabeth I. 
• Poetry, music, and the theater became a
part of daily life. 
• About 1580, the first theaters in England
were built, with stages in the open air. 
• One of the best known English
playwrights, or authors of plays, was
William Shakespeare.
45
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England (cont.)
• His most famous works include Romeo and
Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, and
A Midsummer Night's Dream. 
• Many experts consider Shakespeare the
greatest playwright in the English
language.
46
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Section Assessment
What did the Tudors do to
encourage the Renaissance in
England?
The made the monarchy stronger,
built up trade, and encouraged the
arts.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What were English theaters like?
They were open-air stages where the
audience sat under a roof or stood in
the pit to see afternoon plays.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
From where did Shakespeare
draw ideas for his plays?
He drew ideas from the histories of
England and ancient Rome and also
from Italian tales.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Understanding Cause and Effect
What was the cause of the Wars
of the Roses? How did this war
affect English history?
cause–struggle for the throne waged by
the York and Lancaster families
effects–the Tudors, who fought for the
Lancasters, took the throne and paved
the way for the English Renaissance
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 446,
and use it to write four facts
about the English Renaissance.
Facts will vary but should reflect the
achievements of the Elizabethan era.
51
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• Around 1300, western European scholars
showed a growing interest in classical
writings, which in turn led to the
Renaissance. 
• The Renaissance began in the Italian citystates, where the wealth from trade helped
fuel a burst of artistic achievement. 
• Leading figures in the Italian Renaissance
included rulers such as the Medicis of
Florence and artists like Michelangelo
Buonarroti and Leonardo da Vinci.
53
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• The Renaissance moved from Florence to
Rome when the Popes rebuilt the city to
prove their power to the rulers of Europe. 
• In the late 1500s, the Renaissance spread
from Rome to Venice. 
• After 1494, King Francis I helped bring the
Renaissance to France. 
• An interest in religious reform and trading
contacts with Italy helped bring the
Renaissance to Germany and Flanders.
54
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• Development of a printing press by
Johannes Gutenberg helped new
Renaissance ideas to reach more people. 
• In the late 1400s and early 1500s the
Renaissance spread to Spain, where it was
influenced by strong ties with the Roman
Catholic Church and strict government
policies. 
• The Tudors paved the way for the arrival of
the Renaissance in England, where it
reached its peak under Elizabeth I.
55
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• The people of Renaissance England were
very fond of plays, especially those by
William Shakespeare.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Whose writings did the scholars of
western Europe study during the
Renaissance?
They studied those of the ancient
Greeks and Romans.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why were the Renaissance
scholars called humanists?
They were called humanists because
they believed in the importance of
people.
59
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What did the rulers of the Italian
city-states do to encourage
learning and development of art?
They spent money and encouraged
scholars, poets, and philosophers,
and set up palace schools.
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Understanding the Main Idea
Why did the people of Florence
turn to Savonarola in 1494?
They thought he would stop too much
government spending and food and
housing shortages.
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Understanding the Main Idea
How was France introduced to the
Renaissance?
France was introduced to the
Renaissance through its invasions of
Italy.
62
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Understanding the Main Idea
What did Germany, Flanders,
Spain, and England contribute to
the Renaissance?
Answers will vary.
63
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Understanding the Main Idea
Of what did El Escorial become a
well known symbol?
El Escorial became a symbol for the
power and religious devotion of
Spanish rulers.
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Understanding the Main Idea
How did the Wars of the Roses get
their name?
The name came from the symbols of
the two noble families who fought.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
How did the Renaissance differ
from the Middle Ages?
During the Renaissance, people
became more interested in art,
learning, and the world around them.
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Critical Thinking
What was the connection between
trade and the start of the
Renaissance?
The Italian city-states had grown
wealthy from trade and spent their
wealth on the arts.
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Critical Thinking
Why was Lorenzo de Medici called
“the Magnificent”?
He made Florence prosper.
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Critical Thinking
If you could go back in time and talk
with a Renaissance artist or ruler,
whom would you choose? What
questions would you ask? Explain
your answer.
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Geography in History
Location Refer to the map of
Renaissance Italy on page 438 of
your textbook. This country is often
compared to the shape of a boot.
Describe the location of this country
by giving its latitude and longitude.
Then describe its relative location.
Italy stretched from about 48º–38º N
latitude, and from about 5º–18º E
longitude.
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the answer.
Is the man charged with theft
innocent or guilty? His alibi:
“During the theft, at 3:00 P.M., I was at
the Globe Theater watching
Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
Afterward, it was so crowded along
the Thames River that I didn’t leave
the area until after dark.”
innocent–facts are accurate
71
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73
c. 1440
1485
Johannes
Gutenberg
develops
printing press
74
Tudors take
over the
English throne
1580
First English
theaters built
1478
1494
Lorenzo de
Medici
becomes
ruler of
Florence
The Renaissance
spreads to France
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Henry VIII
1491–1547
English King
Henry VIII was a typical Renaissance
ruler. He played tennis, liked to joust,
and wrote music. He also built up the
English navy and changed the course
of history by convincing Parliament to
declare him the head of the Church of
England, splitting with the Roman
Catholic Church.
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Guidelines for Rulers
Niccolò Machiavelli wrote a handbook
for rulers called The Prince. Here are
some of Machiavellis’ ideas:
• It is much safer to be feared than
loved, if one must choose.
• There cannot be good laws where the
state is not well armed.
• A wise leader cannot and should not
keep his word when keeping it is not
to his advantage.
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Moveable Type
The Chinese knew how to make
moveable type long before European
printers did. The large number of
Chinese characters, however, made it
difficult to use. The Roman alphabet
has just 26 letters, making
interchangeable type quick and
efficient.
77
Mona Lisa
Venice
78
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Mona Lisa
Near the end of his life, while living in
France, Leonardo da Vinci sold the
Mona Lisa to his patron Francis I, king
of France. The painting is one of the
major attractions of the Louvre in
Paris, where it can be seen today.
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Venice
Located on the Adriatic Sea between
the Po and Piave rivers, Venice is
known as the “Queen of the Adriatic.”
Flooding, sinking land, pollution, and
age have threatened the city and its
many landmarks. In recent times, the
United Nations has worked to preserve
the city as a world historic site.
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