Download Juan Marin, Laura Steckbeck, Nutrition/Microvilli Austin Ludwig

Nutrition/Microvilli

Juan Marin, Laura Steckbeck,
Austin Ludwig, Kayley Lancaster
McKenzie Tsaousis, and Colin Swales
Describe the life process of nutrition
o Nutrition is the process of obtaining and processing food through:
 Ingestion - process of consuming something
 Digestion - breaking down the food into molecules that can be absorbed
 Starts in the stomach through the strong acid and enzymes
 Mostly done in the small intestine
Absorption - Uptake of nutrients by the cell
 Done in the small intestine through the microvilli
Elimination - undigested material passes out of digestive compartment
Autotrophs: self feeders through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
Heterotrophs: obtain food from other organism
How microvilli function in the process
Purpose is to increase surface area, which makes diffusion of necessary nutrients
efficient
Microvilli are located in the epithelium of the small intestine
Microvilli contain enzymes and pumps to absorb nutrients
Microvilli trap nutrients and transport them into capillaries (circulatory) and lacteal
(lymphatic) through each villus
Villus are covered in microvilli
The type of animals with microvilli
Mammals without gizzards contain microvilli
How microvilli depend on other features of the digestive system to function (3 examples)
The digestive system before the small intestine does mechanical and chemical
breakdown:
Salivary glands secrete lipase (not in carnivores or cows) to break down polysaccharides
into monosaccharaides, which the microvilli can absorb
Fat is broken down into monoglycerides and free fatty acids by lipase in the pancreas
and broken down by bile in the liver, making it easier to absorb into the villi
Hydrochloric enzymes in the stomach break the peptide bonds, and pepsin breaks down
collagen. Pancreas secretes trypsin and chymotrypsin
Explain how organisms that don’t have microvilli do nutrition. Provide examples for each
type of organism
Unicellular Organisms (Ex. Paramecium): obtain their nutrients by eating other
organisms, where they use lysosomes and hydrolytic enzymes to digest food.
Diffusion is easy and efficient, surface area to volume ratio is good
Use channels and pumps for facilitated diffusion
Once nutrient in cell it is broken apart by a lysosome and stored in a vacuole for later
abruption if it is not used immediately
• Plants: make their own food through the process of photosynthesis (Ex. ferns)
Roots are responsible for nutrient absorption
Root hairs increase surface area and allow for more water and nutrients from the soil to
be absorbed
• Animals: certain animals contain gizzards, or specialized stomachs that are made of
thick muscle that helps to grind up tough food. (Ex. Cows, Worms)
Hydra
 Digestion: gastrovascular cavity-->inside the cell
 Gastrodermis cells secrete digestive enzymes
 Nutritive muscular cells “swallow” partially digested particles and
digest them intracellular
Explain how the digestive system depends upon other body systems to accomplish the
process of nutrition. Provide 3 examples
The digestive system relies on the circulatory system to deliver these nutrients to the
body,
Nervous system to signal when contractions and mechanisms have to take place
Excretory system to expel excess wastes from the body
Nutrition/Microvilli
Juan Marin, Laura Steckbeck,
Austin Ludwig, Kayley Lancaster
McKenzie Tsaousis, and Colin Swales
Why nutrients move into the blood at the microvillus. Example of substance that is
absorbed in the digestive system at another location. State where the substance is absorbed.
Microvilli contain capillaries, which absorb amino acids, vitamins, and monosaccharaides
Lacteal: vessel of the lymphatic system that absorbs fatty acids and glycerol
Water is absorbed by the large intestine of the leftover waste from the small intestine
 Explain how different nutrients are transported in the circulatory system
o Fatty nutrients to lymph vessels
o Glucose and amino acid to blood and liver
o Artery: oxygen enriched with pressure
o Brings in oxygenated blood
o Veins: little oxygen and pressure
o Takes out nutrient-enriched blood
 Describe 2 examples of disruptions to the digestive system (ex. disease). Address the
cause, symptoms, and treatment of the conditions.
 Celiac disease (genetic)
 When celiac ingest gluten, immune system damages villi
 Nutrients are unable to be properly absorbed
 Symptoms: abdominal bloating/pain, diarrhea, vomiting,
constipation, weight loss
 Treatment: gluten-free diet, nutrients given intravenously
Crohn’s Disease
 Inflammation of the GI tract, especially ileum (end) of the small
intestine
 Cause: unknown, but probably abnormal immune system
reaction, genetics, and environment
 Symptoms: Abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, rectal
bleeding, fever
 Treatment: Medication, surgery, nutrition supplementation
Diagram a microvillus and label the diagram to show how it functions in nutrition
http://www.rsd.edu/schools/carmichael/masters/pdf/hwsystmswrky.pdf
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