Download Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday Notes

Monday Notes
(POS – Parts of Speech)
1. noun
 A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea.
 Nouns can be common (n) or proper (N).
 A noun can serve as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, or predicate
noun.
(n)
(N)
(n)
(n)
(N)
EX: The boy showed Brad the way to school on Friday.
2. adjective
 Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Adjectives can be common (adj) or proper (Adj).
 They answer the following questions: Which one? Which ones? How much? How many? What
kind? What color?
 The three articles in the English language are a, an, and the. All articles are adjectives. You will
label articles with (adj).
 When an adjective comes in the predicate part of the sentence and modifies the subject, it is a
predicate adjective (pa).
(adj)
(adj)
(pa)
(Adj)
EX: The small child in the yellow jacket was shy with American strangers.
3. pronoun
 A pronoun (pro) takes the place of a noun. There are many different types of pronouns.
 Personal pronouns can be subject, object, or possessive. They can also be singular or plural.
 subject pronouns (subj) take the place of the subject (s) or predicate noun (pn).
*The singular (sing) subject pronouns are I, you, he, she, it.
*The plural (pl) subject pronouns are we, you, they.
(sing subj pro)
(s)
\/
EX: Mary was my friend in 7th grade. She was my friend in 7th grade.

object pronouns (obj) take the place of the direct object (do), indirect object, (io) or
object of the preposition (op).
*The singular (sing) object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it.
*The plural object pronouns are us, you, them.
(sing obj pro)
(do)
\/
EX: Mary asked Bob to visit more often. Mary asked him to visit more often.

possessive pronouns (poss) show ownership.
*The singular possessive pronouns are my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its.
*The plural possessive pronouns are our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs.
(sing poss pro)
\/
(sing poss pro)
\/
EX: That is my pen. The pen is mine.
 Reflexive (ref) and intensive (int) pronouns end in the word self or selves.
 Reflexive pronouns direct the action of the verb back to the subject.
 Intensive pronouns emphasize a noun or another pronoun in the same sentence.
*The singular reflexive/intensive pronouns are myself, yourself, himself, herself,
itself.
*The plural reflexive/intensive pronouns are ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
(sing ref pro)
\/
EX: I dedicated myself to learning all I could about juggling.
(sing int pro)
\/
EX: I myself would prefer to visit my grandmother.
 Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question. They are which, whose, what, whom, who.
 Demonstrative pronouns demonstrate which one. They are this, that, these, and those.
4. preposition
 A preposition (prep) shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in
the sentence.
 Prepositions begin the prepositional phrase, and the object of the preposition is the noun that
ends the prepositional phrase.
 about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below,
beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, concerning, down during, except, for,
from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, since,
through, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within, without
EX: The dog ran around the house.
My sister put the rug under the table.
5. conjunction
 A conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses.
 Conjunctions can be coordinating or subordinating.
 Coordinating conjunctions (cc) are used with a comma to join independent clauses
to form a compound sentence. They include and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet.
 Subordinating conjunctions (sc) begin dependent clauses. The most common
subordinating conjunctions are because, since, after, while, when, whenever,
although, and that.
6. interjection
 An interjection (int) expresses extreme emotion. It most often comes at the beginning of a
sentence and is set off by a comma or exclamation mark.
 Interjections include words such as wow, yikes, hey, and yeah.
7. verb
 Verbs can be action, linking, or helping.


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
Action verbs (av) show what the subject is doing.
Linking verbs (lv) link the subject to the predicate part of the sentence. Possible
linking verbs include is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, appear, become,
feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste.
Helping verbs (hv) help the main verb in the sentence. Possible helping verbs
include is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, can,
could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must.
Verbs have tense.
The simple tenses are present, past, and future.
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
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Present (pres) tense is what is happening now.
Past (past) tense is what happened yesterday.
Future (fut) tense is what will happen tomorrow.
The perfect tenses include an “h” word and indicate a completed action.


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Present perfect (pres perf) tense is have/has + verb.
Past perfect (past perf) tense is had + verb.
Future perfect (fut perf) tense is will have + verb.
The progressive tenses show an ongoing action.



Present progressive (pres prog) tense is/am/are + verb + ing.
Past progressive (past prog) tense is was/were + verb + ing.
Future progressive (fut prog) tense is will be + verb + ing.
The perfect progressive tenses indicate ongoing action that will be completed at some definite
time.



Present perfect progressive (pres perf prog) tense is have/has + been + verb + ing.
Past perfect progressive (past perf prog) tense is had + been + verb + ing.
Future perfect progressive (fut perf prog) tense is will have + been + verb + ing.
8. adverb




An adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
No, not, never, and n’t are adverbs. They are NEVER verbs.
An adverb often ends in the letters -ly.
An adverb answers the questions how, when, where, and to what extent.
Tuesday Notes
(Tomahawk Chop)
1. complete subject and complete predicate
 To find the complete subject ask yourself what are ALLLLL the words that tell who or what the
sentence is about. Once you can answer that question draw a vertical line to separate the
complete subject from the complete predicate.
 The complete subject is the simple subject and its modifiers.
 The complete predicate is the verb and its modifiers.
 Underline the complete subject once and the complete predicate twice.
EX: My friend from elementary school writes long letters to her friends.
2. simple subject (S)
 The simple subject is the one noun that tells who or what the sentence is about.
 The simple subject will never be found in a prepositional phrase.
 The words there and here are NEVER the subject of the sentence.
 In an imperative sentence, the subject is “understood you,” written (You).
3. simple predicate (VT) or (VI)
 The simple predicate is also known as the verb.
 Determine if the verb is transitive (VT) or intransitive (VI).
 Transitive verbs have a direct object; intransitive verbs do NOT have a direct object.
 Linking verbs are ALWAYS intransitive.
(COMPLEMENTS)
4. direct object (DO)
 The direct object receives the action of the verb.
 The direct object is always a noun or pronoun.
 Direct objects answer the question subject – verb – whom? OR subject – verb – what?
 A direct object is NEVER found in a prepositional phrase.
DO
Ex: Jameson threw the ball to the second baseman.
5. indirect object (IO)
 Indirect objects answer the question subject – verb – DO – to/for whom? OR subject – verb –
DO – to/for what?
 Remember, you must “back up to pick it up”!
 An indirect object can occur only if there is a direct object.
IO
EX: Jameson threw the second baseman the ball.
6. predicate noun (PN)
 The predicate noun comes after a linking verb and renames the subject.
 It is always a noun or pronoun.
 It answers the question subject – linking verb – who? OR subject – linking verb – what?
PN
EX: Jameson is the second baseman.
7. predicate adjective (PA)
 A predicate adjective comes after a linking verb and describes the subject.
 It is an adjective NOT a noun.
 It answers the question subject – linking verb – who? OR subject – linking verb – what?
PA
EX: Jameson is tired.
(OTHER CONSIDERATIONS)
8. prepositional phrase (PP)
 Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition (prep) and end with an object of the preposition
(OP) which is ALWAYS a noun.
 The object of the preposition answers the question prep – who? OR prep – what?
 It can be an adjective phrase (adj PP) or an adverb phrase (adv PP) depending upon what it
modifies.
 Put the entire prepositional phrase inside parentheses ( ) and label the OP.
 Prepositional phrases MUST have an OP.
prep
EX: The squirrel ran down the street.
adv
Jason set the picture down.
9. appositive (APP)
 An appositive is a noun or pronoun that comes directly after another noun or pronoun and
renames or identifies it.
 It can be a single word or a phrase.
 If it goes from specific to general place a comma before and after the appositive.
 If it goes from general to specific do not use commas.
app
EX: My teacher Ms. Ford is very demanding.
app ph
Ms. Ford, my teacher, is very demanding.
Wednesday Notes
(CPTK)
1.
Capitalization
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
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2.
Always capitalize the first word of the sentence.
Always capitalize the singular subject pronoun I.
Capitalize the first, last, and any other important words in titles.
All proper nouns are capitalized.
Capitalize the first word of a quotation.
Draw three lines underneath any letter that needs to be capitalized.
Other things that should be capitalized include religions, days of the week, months, holidays,
streets, cities, states, countries, nationalities, languages, periods and events in history, brand
names, and abbreviations.
Punctuation - The period, the exclamation mark, and the question mark are the “3 Musketeers” of
punctuation because all three end some type of sentence.
 period – insert using a caret /.\
 A period ends a declarative or an imperative sentence.
 Use periods in abbreviations.
 A period ALWAYS goes inside the quotation marks.
 comma – insert using a caret /,\
 Commas are used to list a series of three or more words, phrases, or clauses.
 Use commas with coordinating conjunctions to join two independent clauses to
form a compound sentence.
 Commas set off parenthetical, or interrupting, phrases or elements in a sentence.
 after a dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence.
 Use a comma between the city and state.
 Use a comma between the date and the year.
 Use a comma after a noun of direct address.
 Use a comma after a mild interjection.
 A comma ALWAYS goes inside the quotation marks.
 question mark – insert using a caret/?\
 Use a questions mark after a direct question or a rhetorical question.
 Do NOT use a question mark after a polite request.
 A question mark goes inside the quotation marks IF the quote is a question. It goes
outside the quotation marks if the entire statement is a question.
 exclamation mark – insert using a caret /!\
 Use an exclamation mark after a command or imperative sentence.
 Use an exclamation mark after a strong interjection.
 An exclamation mark goes inside the quotation marks IF the quote is an
exclamation. It goes outside the quotations marks if the entire statement is an
exclamation.
 apostrophe – insert using an inverted caret \’/
 Use an apostrophe in place of the missing letters in a contraction.
 Use an apostrophe to form possessive nouns.
 Use an apostrophe to form plurals of numbers and letters i.e. A’s, B’s, and C’s OR 1’s,
2’s, and 3’s.
 semicolon – insert using a caret /;\
 Use a semicolon in a series of items in which the items already have commas in
them.
EX: I have lived in Charleston, South Carolina; Houston, Texas; and Sacramento, California.

Use a semicolon to separate closely related independent clauses to form a
compound sentence.
EX: I prefer dogs; my husband prefers cats.
Susan baked cookies; Jerry made a pie.
 underlining/italicizing
 Use italics in print; use underlining in handwriting.
 Underline or italicize titles of long works such as novels, epic poems, newspapers,
magazines, artworks, famous speeches, musical pieces, and television and radio
programs.
 Underline or italicize names of famous vehicles such as Titanic, or Challenger.
 Underline or italicize for emphasis.
 quotation marks – insert using a caret /”\
 Put quotation marks around titles of short works such as short stories, poems, and
articles in magazines or newspapers.
 Use quotation marks for dialogue and words copied from other sources.
 Once again, ALWAYS put periods and commas INSIDE the quotation marks!
3.
Sentence Type
 Simple – A simple sentence (S) is one independent clause. It has one subject-verb connection.
S
S -
V
V
EX: Mary and John went to the store and bought groceries.
 Compound – A compound sentence (CD) is two independent clauses joined by either a comma
conjunction or a semicolon. It has two subject-verb connections.
S - V
S
- V
EX: Mary brought cupcakes to the party, and John brought potato chips.
Mary brought cupcakes to the party; John brought potato chips.
 Complex – A complex sentence (CX) is one or more dependent and one independent clause. It
has two or more subject-verb connections.
S
- V
S
-
V
V
EX: When we arrived at the party, everyone was already enjoying the refreshments.


When the dependent clause comes at the beginning, put a comma after it.
When the dependent clause comes at the end, leave it ALONE.
 Compound-Complex – A compound-complex sentence (CD-CX) is two independent clauses and
one or more dependent clauses. It has three or more subject-verb connections.
S
- V
S
-
V
V
S -
V
EX: When we arrived at the party, everyone was already enjoying the refreshments, and we
joined
in the fun.
4.
Sentence Kind
 declarative – A declarative sentence (DEC) simply says what is.
 interrogative - An interrogative sentence (INT) asks a question.
 imperative – An imperative sentence (IMP) gives a command. HINT: The kind of sentence
parents use.
 exclamatory – An exclamatory sentence (EXC) expresses strong feelings.