Download Circulation and the design of cardiovascular (CV

6/4/14
Cardiovascular (#1)
07
The goal of these lectures is to discuss
basic physiology of the cardiovascular
system (heart, vessels, blood pressure,
control, hemostasis). This first lecture
will introduce the cardiovascular (CV)
topic and discuss the heart as a pump. !
The sections for this lecture are:!
Introduction to the CV system
!!
–  Overall design of the CV system !
–  Pressure, flow and resistance!!
The heart as the CV pump!
–  Anatomy and cardiac muscle!
–  Cardiac cycle (electrical / mechanical)!
–  The cardiac output !
!
!!
Life is a series of chemical reactions
occurring in compartmentalized
environments. !
!
The main purpose of life is to keep itself alive!
!
Physiology, the study of how life works, is
based on the simultaneous occurrence of the
following three concepts:!
!levels of organization!
!structure / function relationship!
!homeostatic regulation!
Course Outline
Week 1 to week 2"
Week 3 to week 4"
Week 5 to week 6"
Topic #!
Topic lecture!
Silverthorn!
Topic #1"
Introduction (pre-requisite material)"
1 - 5"
Topic #2"
Membranes (pre-requisite material)"
"
1 - 5"
Topic #3"
Homeostasis and Signal Transduction"
6"
Topic #4"
Endocrine Communication and the Endocrine System"
7"
Topic #5"
Neural Communication and the Sensory System"
8 - 11"
Topic #6"
Muscle, Muscle Contraction and their Regulation"
12 - 13"
REVIEW #1 material from topic #01 – #06 !
EXAM #1 material from topic #01 – #06 (33%)!
!
1 - 13!
1 - 13!
Topic #7"
Basic Physiology of the Cardiovascular System"
14 - 17"
Topic #8"
Basic Physiology of the Respiratory System"
18"
Topic #9"
Basic Physiology of the Renal System"
19 - 20"
REVIEW #2 material from topic #01 – #09 !
EXAM #2 material from topic #01 – #09 (33%)!
!
1 - 20!
1 - 20!
Topic #10"
Basic Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System"
21 "
Topic #11"
Food Intake, Metabolism, Energy Balance and Exercise"
23 - 25"
Topic #12"
From Sexual Differentiation to Adult Reproduction"
26"
REVIEW #3 material from topic #01 – #12 !
EXAM #3 material from topic #01 – #12 (33%)!
!
1 - 26"
1 - 26"
"
Pre-requisite"
Material"
(chapter # 5)"
"
"
lectures,
recitations,
office hours,
review,
exam1 "
(chapter # 8)"
lectures,
recitations,
review, exam2"
(chapter # 7) "
lectures,
recitations,
review, exam3"
(chapter # 6)"
(all tests are cumulative)
1
6/4/14
PCO2
PO2
pH
Pa
neural CV center
cardio +
cardio -
inputs
output
vasoconstriction
chemo & baroreceptors
extrinsic
heart
intrinsic
periphery
lung
(local control)
(local control)
where we would like to be at the end!
of the cardiovascular and respiratory!
sections, by the end of next week
!
baroreceptor mechanism
(e.g. carotid sinus)
Cardiovascular (“CV topics”)
Introduction (lecture #7)!
Blood pressure regulation (lecture #10)!
Overall design of the CV system !
Arterial and venous pressure !
Pressure, flow and resistance!
Blood volume, arterial pressure and
baroreceptors !
!
The heart as pump (lecture #7)!
Anatomy and cardiac muscle!
Cardiac cycle's electrical!
Other CV reflexes and responses!
!
CV patterns in health / disease (lecture #11)!
Hemorrhage, hypotension, upright posture!
and mechanical events!
Exercise and training!
The cardiac output!
Hypertension and heart failure!
!
Vessels as tubes (lecture #10)!
Arteries and arterioles in general!
Coronary disease!
Hemostasis (lecture #11)!
Capillaries and veins !
Formation of a platelet plug!
Blood coagulation, clot formation!
Anticlotting systems and drugs!
!
!!
The lymphatic system!
!
2
6/4/14
Introduction (“physiology”)
levels of
organization!
structure!
- function!
homeostatic!
regulation!
Introduction (“homeostasis”)
remember that afferent / efferent !
pathways might be neuronal !
and / or endocrine!
∑
S
E
chemical reactions are ultimately controlled by negative feedback mechanisms!
3
6/4/14
Introduction (“structure/function”)
The Cardiovascular System
Transport in the
Cardiovascular System
Introduction (“pump & tubes”)
Introduction!
!
Overall design of!
the CV system !
!
Pressure, flow !
and resistance!
4
6/4/14
Introduction (“capillaries”)
Introduction!
!
Overall design of!
the CV system !
!
Pressure, flow !
and resistance!
Introduction (“the physics”)
Introduction!
!
Overall design of!
the CV system !
!
Pressure, flow !
and resistance!
I = V/R
Ohm law
F = ΔP/R
5
6/4/14
Introduction (“the physics”)
Introduction!
!
Overall design of!
the CV system !
!
Pressure, flow !
and resistance!
I = V/R
Ohm law
F = ΔP/R
Heart as pump (“ S & F “)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
6
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“ S & F”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“S & F”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
7
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“S & F”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
but, what info
does go through
this conducting
system ???
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“action potential”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
ACTION POTENTIAL IN A NERVE!
AND SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL!
!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
but, what info
does go through
this conducting
system ???
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
ACTION POTENTIAL IN A!
CARDIOCYTE VENTRICULAR CELL!
!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Remember that membrane potentials are the electric representation of ionic changes across a membrane!
8
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“cardiac AP”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
skeletal
muscle
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
but, what info
does go through
this conducting
system ???
cardiac
muscle
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“cardiocytes”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Characteristics of cardiocytes not
present in skeletal muscles
the heart is an electrical
syncitium!
intercalated disks!
the heart does not tetanize!
delay K gate opening due to
increase intracellular calcium!
!
the heart has automaticity!
delay K gate opening cause
Na leakage to reach threhold!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
the heart has a variable force Na / Ca channels and Ca
of contraction, both under
channels!
extrinsic and intrinsic control!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
The cardiac output!
!
9
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“cardiocytes”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Characteristics of cardiocytes not
present in skeletal muscles
the heart is an electrical
syncitium!
intercalated disks!
the heart does not tetanize!
delay K gate opening due to
increase intracellular calcium!
!
the heart has automaticity!
delay K gate opening cause
Na leakage to reach threhold!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
the heart has a variable force Na / Ca channels and Ca
of contraction under
channels!
extrinsic and intrinsic control!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“cardiocytes”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Characteristics of cardiocytes not
present in skeletal muscles
the heart is an electrical
syncitium!
intercalated disks!
the heart does not tetanize!
delay K gate opening due to
increase intracellular calcium!
!
the heart has automaticity!
delay K gate opening cause
Na leakage to reach threhold!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
the heart has a variable force Na / Ca channels and Ca
of contraction under
channels!
extrinsic and intrinsic control!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
The cardiac output!
!
10
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“cardiocytes”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Characteristics of cardiocytes not
present in skeletal muscles
the heart is an electrical
syncitium!
intercalated disks!
the heart does not tetanize!
delay K gate opening due to
increase intracellular calcium!
!
the heart has automaticity!
delay K gate opening cause
Na leakage to reach threhold!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
the heart has a variable force Na / Ca channels and Ca
of contraction under
channels!
extrinsic and intrinsic control!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“cardiac AP”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
11
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“cardiac AP”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
atrial
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
ventricular
Heart as pump (“cardiac AP”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
ventricular
pacemaker
potential
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
12
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“atrial AP”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
atrial
pacemaker
potential
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“atrial AP”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
atrial
pacemaker
potential
!
a b
c
d
threshold
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
a
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
b
!
The cardiac output!
!
c
d
13
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“ventricular AP”)
1
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
0
!
2
3
4
ventricular
pacemaker
potential
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
0
1
2
3
4
Heart as pump (“the cardiac cycle”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
14
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“refractory period”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“the action potential”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
ACTION POTENTIAL IN A NERVE!
AND SKELETAL MUSCLE CELL!
!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
ACTION POTENTIAL IN A!
CARDIOCYTE VENTRICULAR CELL!
!
!
The cardiac output!
!
15
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“overview”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“the ECG”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
16
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“cardiocyte contraction”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“the cardiac cycle”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
17
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“overview”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“overview”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
18
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“overview”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
!
Heart as pump (“the CO”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
(summary slide)
19
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“the CO”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
sympathetic
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
parasympathetic
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
20
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“the CO”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Heart as pump (“the CO”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
?
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
21
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“the SV”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
Déjà vu !
from !
skeletal !
muscle ?!
Heart as pump (“the SV”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
22
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“the SV”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
Heart as pump (“the SV”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
23
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“the HR”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
24
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“the CO”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
Heart as pump (“the CO”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
25
6/4/14
Heart as pump (“the CO”)
The heart as the pump of
the CV system!
!
Anatomy and cardiac
muscle!
!
Cardiac cycle's electrical !
and mechanical
events!
!
The cardiac output!
! CO = SV x HR!
(summary slide)
(summary slide)
26