Download Rocks and Minerals

Rocks and Minerals
Chapter 4
Elements of Earth
• Only _____ elements comprise 98.6% of Earth’s crust
– ________ and __________ make up 75%
– Other 84 elements make up 1.4%
Elements of Whole Earth
Elements Combine To Form Minerals
• Minerals are the building blocks of rocks
• A rock is a solid aggregation of one or more minerals
What is a mineral?
• _________ solid element or compound
• _________ occurring
• _________ structure
Crystalline Structure
• Atoms arranged in regular, repeating pattern
– Colossal to microscopic
Salt Crystals
Crystal Symmetry
Classification of Minerals
_________ vs __________
• Silicates
– mineral structure contains _________________ tetrahedron
– _________ of minerals
• Nonsilicates
– does ________ have _____________ tetrahedron in their structure
– 8% of minerals
Silicates
• Ferromagnesian
– contains iron and magnesium ions
– darker and denser in general
• exception is olivine (light green)
• Nonferromagnesian
– does not contain iron or magnesium ions
• lighter and lower density
Physical Properties of Minerals
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Hardness Scale
• _______ is the __________ mineral
• _______ is the __________ mineral
• Mohrs Hardness Scale
Examples of Minerals
Calcite
• Widely distributed rock-forming mineral
– key mineral in limestone and marble
• used to make cement, fertilizer, and construction material
• _____________most abundant mineral
Calcite
Chalcopyrite
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Chemistry
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System
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Color
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Streak
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Cleavage
– CuFeS2
– Tetragonal
– Brassy-Yellow
– Greenish-Black
– Poor
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Hardness
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Luster
– 3.5-4
– Metallic
Chert
• Silicate
– SiO2
• Type of quartz
Copper
Fluorite
• _____________ ___________ mineral in the world
• Second most popular mineral to collect (KNOW)
• used to manufacture specialized optical equipment
Fluorite
Halite
Dolomite
Pyrite
Quartz
• ____________ __________ mineral found on Earth
Quartz
Satin Spar Gypsum
Desert Rose
Sphalerite
Sulphur
Other Minerals
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Agate
Alabaster
Amethyst
Antimony
Aquamarine
Arsenic
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Augite
Bauxite
Borax
Cinnabar
Corundum
Diamond
Emerald
Galena
Garnet
Gold
Other Minerals
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Graphite
Hematite
Hornblende
Jasper
Kaolinite
Limonite
Magnetite
Malachite
Olivine
Opal
Ruby
Sapphire
Silver
Talc
Topaz
Turquoise
Rocks
Rocks
• An ___________ of one or more ___________ “glued” together by
other materials
• Granite
– quartz, mica, and feldspar
Classification of Rocks
• ____________
• ____________
• ____________
Igneous Rocks
• Latin ignis = fire
• Rocks formed from a hot, molten mass of __________
__________ material
– magma (lava)
Igneous Rocks
Compose __________ of Earth’s crust
Classification of Igneous Rocks
• Texture
– ___________ _________
– ___________ ____________
Classification of Igneous Rocks
• Mineral Content
– Ferromagnesium minerals
– Silicon-based minerals
Granite (________ _______ ________
rock)
• Coarse-grained
• Low density
– Ferromagnesium-________
• Light color
• ________ of the bulk of the _________ are made from
___________
Rhyolite
Basalt (_______ _______ __________
rock)
• Fine-grained
• High density
– ________ in _______________ minerals
• Dark color
• ________ ________, Earth’s interior, extrusive
Sedimentary Rocks
• Rocks formed from ________ or __________ __________ from
previously existing rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
• ____________
– ___________ of silt, sand, or gravel that _________ _______ of the
atmosphere or settle out of water
Sediment Sources
• ___________ rock fragments
– ___________ sediments
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Boulders
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Sediment Sources
• __________ ___________ ___________
– Chemical sediments
• Chemical precipitation from solution
• Crystallization from evaporating water
• Biological sediments
Limestone
• Skeletal Limestone
– Algae and invertebrates extract CaCO3 from water
– Organisms die
– Hard parts accumulate
– Chalk
Limestone
• Oolitic Limestone
– Precipitation of CaCO3 in seawater
– Fragments of shells or CaCO3 become coated with more CaCO3
– Accumulation of oolites
Limestone
• Microcrystalline Limestone
– Precipitation of CaCO3 in springs and caves
– Stalactites and Stalagmites
Instant Stalagmites!!!
• Tunnel is less that 150 years old!!!
– Dates from later than 1851
– Located in Australia
• Stalactites and Stalagmites don’t take millions of years to form
Rock Salt
• Mineral halite (NaCl)
• Forms by evaporation in saline lakes or bays
Classification of Clastic Sediments and Rocks
Sediment Size
• Boulder
• Gravel
• Sand
• Silt
• Clay
Rock
• Conglomerate or Breccia
• Sandstone
• Siltstone (mudstone)
• Claystone (mudstone)
Conglomerate
Breccia
How do these sediments get glued together
into rocks?
___________
• __________________
– Weight of overlying sediments reduce pore space between fragments
– Water squeezed out
Lithification
• ______________________
– Spaces between particles filled with a chemical deposit
– calcite (calcium carbonate)
– silica (silicon dioxide)
Metamorphic Rocks
• __________ ____________ rocks that have been ___________
by ________, pressure, or hot solutions into a distinctly different
rock.
Metamorphic Rocks
• ______ kinds of ________ can be _____________
– igneous
– sedimentary
– metamorphic
• Above melting point rocks turn igneous
What causes metamorphosis?
• Geologic events
– movement of the crust
• pressure realigns mineral grains
– heating and hot solutions from the intrusion of magma
• recrystallization
– percolating of mineral-bearing groundwater
Examples of Metamorphic Rocks
___________
• Metamorphism of ____________
• Splits into sheets
• Small crystals
• Flagstones and roofing
Schist
• Greater metamorphosis of shale or slate
• Larger crystals
• Increased foliation
– property of breaking along planes between aligned grains
__________
• Intense metamorphosis of _________ or __________
– May have __________ __________ of _________ and ________ materials
________
• Recrystallized __________ or _____________
– heat and pressure
___________
• Metamorphosis of ___________-____________ ____________