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Key Terms Unit 4.1 Aorta Aortic Valve Artery Atrium Cardiovascular System Cell Inferior Vena Cava Mitral Valve Pulmonary Circulation Superior Vena Cava Systemic Circulation Tissue Tricuspid Valve Valve Vein The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body. The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle. Any of the tubular branching muscular and elastic-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body. An anatomical cavity or passage; especially a chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles. The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently. A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm. A valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle; prevents the blood in the ventricle from returning to the atrium. Alternative name is bicuspid valve. The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in systemic circulation. A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body. The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins. An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both. A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps. A body structure that temporarily closes a passage or orifice, or permits movement of fluid in only one direction. A vessel that returns blood to the heart. 4.2 Atrioventricular Node Blood Pressure Cardiology Diastole Diastolic Pressure Electrocardiogram (EKG) Heart Rate A specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart. Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels, especially arteries, usually measured by means of a sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury. The study of the heart and its action and diseases. The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood. Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions. A measurement of heart electrical activity. A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute. Hypertension An abnormally high blood pressure. Pacemaker An electrical device for stimulating or steadying the heartbeat or reestablishing the rhythm of an arrested heart. Pulse The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from the outside of the body. Sinoatrial Node A small mass of tissue that is made up of Purkinje fibers, ganglion cells, and nerve fibers, that is embedded in the musculature of the right atrium, and that originates the impulses stimulating the heartbeat -- called also S-A node, sinus node. Sphygmomanometer An instrument for measuring blood pressure and especially arterial blood pressure. Systole The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood. Systolic Pressure The pressure generated by the left ventricle during systole. 4.3 Allele Alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. Atherosclerosis Changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls. Cholesterol A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. Electrophoresis The movement of suspended particles through a fluid or gel under the action of an electromotive force applied to electrodes in contact with the suspension. Familial A metabolic disorder that is caused by defective or absent Hypercholesterolemia receptors for LDLs on cell surfaces, that is marked by an increase in blood plasma LDLs and by an accumulation of LDLs in the body resulting in an increased risk of heart attack and coronary heart disease, and that is inherited as Genotype HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) Heterozygous Homozygous LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) Mutation PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Phenotype Restriction Enzyme 4.4 Angiogram Angioplasty Coronary Bypass Heart Attack Heart Disease Metabolic Syndrome an autosomal dominant trait. All or part of the genetic constitution of an individual or group. A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage. Having two different alleles for a given gene. Having two identical alleles for a given gene. A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An LDL particle carries more cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, HDL, and high LDL levels in the blood correlate with a tendency to develop blocked blood vessels and heart disease. A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity. A laboratory technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides. The physical and physiological traits of an organism that are determined by its genetic makeup. A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA. The radiographic visualization of blood vessels after the injection of radiopaque substance. Surgical repair or recanalization of a blood vessel. A surgical bypass operation performed to shunt blood around an obstruction in a coronary artery that involves grafting one end of a segment of vein removed from another part of the body into the aorta and the other end into the coronary artery beyond the obstructed area to allow for increased blood flow. An acute episode of heart disease marked by death or damage of heart muscle due to insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle usually as a result of coronary thrombosis or a coronary occlusion and that is characterized especially by chest pain. An abnormal organic condition of the heart or of circulation. A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk Risk Factor Stenting Stroke of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Something which increases risk or susceptibility. A surgical procedure or operation for inserting a stent, a mold to keep a passageway open, into an anatomical vessel. Sudden loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion caused by rupture or obstruction (as by a clot) of a blood vessel of the brain.