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Blood Types
Ch. 19-2
Blood Types
• Blood cells have surface markers called
antigens
• ABO Blood Group
– RBC with A antigens – A blood type
– RBC with B antigens – B blood type
– RBC with A and B antigens – AB blood type
– RBC with no antigens – O blood type
Blood Types
• Blood plasma contains proteins called
antibodies
• Antibodies will react with antigens if mixed
– Type A blood – A antigens, anti-B antibodies
– Type B blood – B antigens, anti-A antibodies
– Type AB blood – A and B antigens, no antibodies
– Type O blood – no antigens, anti-A and anti-B
antibodies
Blood Types
Transfusions
• Transfusion – transfer of whole blood or blood
components (RBC or plasma)
• Agglutination – clumping of RBCs, hemolysis occurs,
kidney damage and death can result
– This only causes problems between recipient antibodies
and donor antigens
– Donor antibodies become diluted in blood plasma
• Example
–
–
–
–
(recipient) A person receives blood from (donor) B person
Recipients blood contains anti-B antibodies
Donor’s blood contains B antigens
Antigen/antibody complex forms
Who can donate/receive to/from
who?
Rh Blood Group
• Antigen was discovered in the rhesus monkey
• Rh+ people have the Rh antigen, Rh- people
do not have the Rh antigen
• People do not naturally have anti-Rh
antibodies
• If Rh- person receives blood from Rh+ person,
immune system will make anti-Rh antibodies
• If they receive Rh+ blood again, the anti-Rh
antibodies will cause agglutination
Who can donate/receive to/from
who?
•
•
•
•
•
+ should not be given to –
+ can receive + or –
- can give to + or –
Universal donor – OUniversal recipient – AB+
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)
• Fetal blood can cross placenta into maternal
blood stream
• If baby is Rh+ and mother is Rh-, mother’s
immune system starts making anti-Rh
antibodies
• During the next pregnancy the antibodies
can cross into the fetal blood
• If the second fetus is Rh+, agglutination can
occur
HDN
Review of Inheritance
• Blood type Punnett squares
• Rh Punnett squares – Rh+ is dominant to Rh– Rh+ could have Rh+/Rh+
– Rh + could have Rh+/Rh– Rh- must be Rh-/Rh-