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RELIGION 3990-11
Shi@‘ite Islam: Religion, Culture, & Politics
Mohammad H. Faghfoory
Fall 2014
Office: 303-A Religion Department.
Office Hours: Tues. & Thurs. 2.00-3.30
FNGR 210
TR: 09:35-10:50AM
CRN: 82538
Email: [email protected]
Shi@‘ism is the second largest branch of Islamic tradition. From its origins in the
seventh century to the present day, the Shi@‘ites have constituted a very distinct
community within the Islamic world. Throughout most of its history as today Shi@‘ite
population has accounted for some 15-20% of the world’s Muslim population.
However, their contribution to Islamic civilization has been far greater than their
numerical strength as Shi@‘ite scholars have contributed immensely to the
development of law, theology, philosophy, political thought, literature, and all other
fields of Islamic intellectual tradition.
This course examines the emergence and development of Shi@‘ism as a branch of
Islamic orthodoxy with particular emphasis on its doctrine, practices, theologies, and
the laws, and the geographical and political context within which a distinct Shi@‘i
identity developed. Its main objective is to understand Shi@‘a doctrine and its
relationship with politics, particularly the concept of Ima>mate and the role of the
Ima>ms among the Twelvers, the Isma>‘i@lis, and the Zaydi@ branches.
To understand the current situation in the Muslim world the course will also
examine recent developments in Shi@‘ite theology and politics in light of the Iranian
revolution of 1979, Ayatulla>h Khomeini@’s theory of the Rule of Jurist-Consult
(Wila>yat-i Faqi@h) and recent developments in Iraq. In this connection, the
development of messianic conception surrounding the figure of the Twelfth Ima>m,
the emergence of Shi@‘ism as a political ideology, its nature and relationship with
modernism, fundamentalism, secularism and nationalism will be studied. The course
will conclude with the challenges that Islam in general and Shi@‘ism in particular face
in the contemporary regional and international political, religious, cultural, and
intellectual scenes.
Course Requirements & Prerequisite: Religion 161 or general knowledge of Islam. Students
who do not have any background in Islam must read Ideals and Realities of Islam or The
Heart of Islam. In addition to a mid-term and a final exam, the course requirements include a
term paper. Grades will be determined on the following basis: mid-term exam (25%), final
exam (35%), and research paper (30%), and class attendance and participation in discussion
(10%).
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Required Reading:
1. Chittick, W. C The Psalms of Islam: al-S}ah}i@fa al-Sajja>di@ya, (2006, trans.), London: The
Muhammadi Trust, 2006.
2. Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi@‘i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver
Shi@‘ism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
3. Mottahedeh, Roy. The Mantle of the Prophet, 2nd ed. Oxford: One World, 1985,
2000.
4. Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza, The Shi@‘a Revival, W. W. Norton, 2005.
6. T}aba>t}aba>’i@, ‘Alla>mah Sayyid Muhammad H}usayn, Shi@‘ite Islam, Albany, State
University of New York Press. 1977.
7. Walbridge, S. Linda (ed.) The Most Learned of the Shi@‘a: The Institution of the
Marja‘ -i Taqli@d, Oxford University Press, 2001.
8. Sobh}a>ni@, A@yatulla>h Ja‘far. Doctrines of Shi@‘i Islam: A Compendium of Ima>mi@
Beliefs and Practices, tr. And ed. Reza Shah-Kazemi. London: I. B. Tauris in
association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2001.
Recommended Reading:
1. Ami@r-Moezzi@, ‘Ali, The Divine Guide in Early Shi@ ‘ism: The Sources of Esoterism
in Islam, State University of New York Press. 1994.
2. Chittick, William, ed. and tr. A Shi@‘ite Anthology, London: Muhammadi@ Trust,
1980.
3. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, H}ami@d Daba>shi@, and Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, (eds.)
Shi@‘ism: Doctrines, Thought, and Spirituality. Albany: State University of New
York Press, 1988.
4. Sachedina, ‘Abdulaziz, Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi@ in Twelver
Shi@‘ism, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.
5. Shams al-Di@n, Muhammad M, The Rising of al-H}usayn: Its Impact on the
Consciousness of Muslim Society, London, Muhammadi@ Trust, 1985.
6. T}aba>t}aba>’i@, ‘Alla>mah Sayyid Muhammad H}usayn, Kernel of the Kernel:
Concerning Wayfaring and Spiritual Journey of the people of Intellect. Translated by
Mohammad H. Faghfoory, State University of New York Press, 2003.
Mu’adhdhin Khura>sa>ni@, Mohammad, Tuh}fah-yi ‘Abba>si: The Godlen Chain of
Sufism in Shi@‘ite Islam, Translated by Mohammad H. Faghfoory, University Press of
America, 2008
7.-------------- The Qur’a>n in Islam, London, Routledge & Kegan, 1987.
SYLLABUS
Week One: Aug. 26-28
Introduction: Introductory Remarks on the Advent of Islam
Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman
Political/Spiritual Authority
The Question of Succession to the Prophet
READINGS: Nasr, Ideals and Realities…, pp. 1-27, Momen, pp. 1-22.
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Week Two: Sept. 2-4
Methods of Selection of Prophet’s Successor
Majority-Minority: Causes of Separation
Sunni Perception of Political Authority: The Caliphate
Religious and Spiritual Authority
READINGS: T}aba>t}aba>’i@, pp. 31-55, Nasr, Shi@‘ism: Doctrines, Thought, and
Spirituality, pp. 11-13 & 65-82, Vali Nasr, pp. 31-61.
Week Three: Sept. 9-11
Present State of Shi@‘i Studies: Methods and Approaches
Major sources and Scholars of Shi@‘ism
The origin and Growth of Shi@ ‘ism
Shi@‘i Perception of Political Authority: The Ima>mate
Religious and Spiritual Authority: Wila>yah
The Image of Ali in Shi@’a Thought
READINGS: Nasr, Ideals and Realities of Islam, chapter 1-4, and, Nasr,
“Introduction” in T}aba>t}aba>’i@, Shi@‘ite Islam, , pp. 3-26, & 31-33, 39-55, Nasr,
Expectation… pp. 2-6.
Week Four: Sept. 16-18
a. Principles of Shi@‘ism: The Doctrine
On the Knowledge of God
Divine Qualities and its Meaning
Divine Justice
b. On the Knowledge of the Prophet
The Prophets and the Prophet Muhammad
The Revelation
The Qur’ān in Shi@ ‘i@ Thought
Rules of Interpretation of the Qur’a>n
Exoteric and Formal Aspects of Religion
the hadi@th, Narrations of the Shi@‘ite Ima>ms
Rules for Authenticating h}adi@th
READINGS: Sobh}a>ni@, pp. 56-60, T}aba>t}aba>’i@, pp. 90-105, Nasr, Doctrine…, pp. 2043. READINGS: T}aba>t}aba>’i pp. 123-135, 139-156, 173-217, Sobh}a>ni@, pp. 18-32, 3355, & 61-88, Chittick, pp. 27-51, Nasr, Doctrines…, pp. 128-154.
Week Five: Sept. 23-25
a. On the Ima>mate Doctrine and the Knowledge of the Ima>ms
The Image and Status of the Household of the Prophet in Shi‘ite Doctrine
Shi@‘ite Approach to the Concept of Authority: The Ima>m and His Functions
The Twelve Ima>ms
1. ‘Ali ibn Abi@ T}a>lib
2. Ima>m H}asan
3. Ima>m H}usayn
4. Ima>m Sajja>d
5.Ima>m Ba>qir
6. Ja‘far al-S}a>diq
7. Ima>m Musa> al-Ka>z}im
8. Ima>m Rid}a>
9. Muhammad Taqi@
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10. ‘Ali al-Naqi@,
11. H}asan al-‘Askari@
12. The Twelfth Ima>m: Occultation and Re-Appearance
READINGS: T}aba>t}aba>’i, pp. 75-84, Sobh}a>ni@, pp. 89-141, 142-200, Chittick, 91-124
& 135-140, Momen, pp. 23-45 & 147-171, Nasr, Expectation…, pp. 8-57.
Week Six: Sept. 30-Oct. 2
Shi@‘ism in History-Phase I: Establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty:
661-750
Mu‘a>wiyah and The Status of the Shi@‘ite Community:
Yazi@d: Persecution of the Shi@‘ites
From Ima>m H}asan to the Martyrdom of H}ussein
The Tragedy of Karbala>’ (80/681)
Martyrdom of Hussein in Shi@’ite Thought
Other Umayyad Caliphs
The End of the Umayyad Dynasty
READINGS: T}aba>t}aba>’i@, pp. 31-67; Momen, 61-104; Nasr, Expectation…, pp. 240278, and, Class Lectures.
Week Seven: Oct. 7-9
a. Divisions within Shi@ ‘ism
Twelver-Ima>mi@s (Ithna>‘ashari@)
Isma>‘ili@s & its branches
Zaydism & its branches
Other branches
b. Historical Expansion of Shi@ ‘ism and Present Geography
Persia & Iraq
Egypt, Lebanon and Syria
Anatolia
India
READINGS: Sobh}a>ni@, pp. 56-60, T}aba>t}aba>’i@, pp. 90-105; Nasr, Doctrine…, pp. 2043, and, class lectures.
Week Eight: Oct. 14-16
a. Tuesday: Oct. 14, MID-TERM EXAM
b. Thursday: On Shi@‘i Eschatology
Body and Soul
Death in Islam
Purgatory (barzakh)
The day of Judgment-Man’s resurrection
b. Religious Practices and Rituals
Intercession (Shira>‘ah)
Taqi@yah
Mut‘ah
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READINGS: T}aba>t}aba>’i@, pp. 161-171, Nasr, Doctines…, pp. 245-272 & 331-340,
Momen, pp. 172-183.
Week Nine: Oct.21-23
Shi@‘i Law and Jurisprudence
Sources of Shi@‘i Law
Development of Shiite Jurisprudence and Legal Methodology (us}u>l al-fiqh)
The Rise of the Notion of ijtiha>d and the Office of Mujtahid as the Supreme
Jurisprudent
The Emergence of Juristic Hierarchy (Marja‘i@yah) and its Effects on the Structure of
Political Authority of Time
On Jiha>d
READINGS: Momen, pp. 184-189, Nasr, Expectation…, pp. 61-64 & 67-72, Nasr,
Doctrines…, pp. 227-242 & 275-278.
Week Ten: Oct. 28-30
a. The Way of Intellection & Intellectual Reasoning
a. Shi@‘i Philosophy and Philosophers
b. Shi@‘ite Theology (kala>m): Shaykh Kulayni@, Mufi@d, T}u>si@
b. Intellectual intuition and mystical Unveiling
On Man and God
Man: Free Will & Predestination
Man and Gnostic Comprehension
Shi@‘ism and Sufism: The Infallibility of the Imams and Designations of
Saints
READINGS: T}aba>t}aba>’i@, pp. 112-117, Momen, pp. 208-219, Nasr, Doctrines…, pp.
101-108.
PAPERS DUE DATE
Week Eleven: Nov. 4-6
Shi@ ‘ism in History-Phase II: 1500-1900
READINGS: Momen, pp. 105-146.
Week Twelve: Nov. 11-13
Shi@‘i Political Thought:
a. State and government in Shi'ite thought and history
b. Shi'ite clerical structures and institutions
c. The Role of Shi@‘i Clergy in Politics
READINGS: Chittick, pp. 67-82, Nasr, Expectation…, pp. 92-114, Momen, 189207, Mottahedeh, chapters 1-10 & Epilogue, pp. 378-390, Vali Nasr, pp. 63-117.
Week Thirteen: Nov. 18-20
Shi@ ‘ism in Contemporary World: 1890-1963
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a. Synthesis for Adaptation to Constitutionalism and Modern SocioEconomic Notions: Ayatulla>hs Na>’ini@ and Muhammad Ba>qir al-S}adr
b. Shi@i‘te ‘Ulama on the Challenge of Modernity and Response to
Imperialism
Week Fourteen: Nov. 25
Shi ‘ite Revival: Reform or Revolution: 1963-Present
Ayaullya>h Khomeini@, Dr. Ali Shari@‘ati@ & Dr.'Abdulkari@m Soroush
Ayatulla>h Sista>ni@, H}asan Nas}rulla>h, & Muqtada S}adr
Iran
Iraq
Lebanon
Other parts of the Islamic World
The Message of Shi@‘ism
READINGS: Sobh}a>ni@, pp. 197-200; T}aba>t}aba>’i@, pp. 215-217; Vali Nasr, pp. 119184, 185-254.
November 26-28 Thanksgiving Break
Week Fifteen: Dec. 4
REVIEW AND COMCLUSION
READING DAYS: Dec.8-9
Final Exam: THURSDAY, December 11, 10:20-12:20
Bibliography on Shi@‘ism– Categorized Thematically
Religious Doctrine and Practice:
Kohlberg, Etan, ed. Shi@‘ism, Burlington: Ashgate, 2003.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, Hamid Dabashi, and Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr, (eds). Shi@‘ism: Doctrines,
Thought, and Spirituality. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
Amir-Moezzi, Mohammed Ali. The Divine Guide in Early Shi‘ism: The Sources of Esotericism in
Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
Ayoub, Mahmoud. Redemptive Suffering in Islam, Edited by Leo Laeyendecker, Religion and
Society 10. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1978.
Cook, Michael A. Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought, Cambridge
University Press, 2001.
Corbin, Henry. Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi‘ite Iran. Princeton:
Bollingen, 1977.
Jafri, Seyyed. H}ussain, Origins and Early Development of Shi@ ah Islam.
Ka@shif al-Ghit}a'> , Muhammad Husayn The Origin of Shí'a and Its Principles.
Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar, Imamate: the Vicegerency of the Prophet.
Newman, Andrew J. The Formative Period of Twelver Shi@‘ism: Hadith As Discourse Between Qum
and Baghdad,
Ajami, Fouad. The Vanished Imam: Musa al-Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press, 1986.
S}adr, Sayyid Muhammad Ba>qir, A Study on the Question of Al-Wila>yah, translated by Dr. P.
Haseltine.
Walbridge, S. Linda (ed.) The Most Learned of the Shi@‘a: The Institution of the Marja‘ -i Taqli@d,
Oxford University Press, 2001.
Jurisprudence:
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Mallat, Chibli. The Renewal of Islamic Law, The Life and works of Muhammad Ba>qir S}adr,
Cambridge University Press, 2004.
S}adr, Muhammad Ba>qir. The principles of Shi@‘i jurisprudence: According to Shi@‘i Law. London:
ICAS, 2003.
Messianism:
Bashir, Shahzad. Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nurbakhshi@ya order between Medieval
and Modern Islam. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein. Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi@ in Twelver Shi@‘ism.
Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.
Vaziri, Mos}t}afa>. The Emergence of Islam: Prophecy, Imamate and Messianism in Perspective. New
York: Paragon House, 1992.
Liyakatali Takim, The Heirs of the Prophet: Charisma and Religious Authority in Shiite Islam
SUNY Press, 2006.
Ethnography:
Fisher, Michael and ‘A@bedi, Mehdi. Debating Muslims: Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and
Tradition. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990.
Pinault, David. Horse of Kerbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India, New York: Palgrave, 2001.
---------. The Shi@‘ites. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.
Daftary, Farhad. A Short History of the Isma>‘i@li@s: Traditions of a Muslim Community. Princeton:
M. Wiener, 1988.
History, Politics & Revolution:
Asfaruddin, Asma. Excellence and Precedence: Medieval Islamic Discourse on Legitimate
Leadership. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
Akhavi, Shahrough. Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran, SUNY Press 1980.
Arjomand, Sai‘d A (ed.) Authority and Political Culture in Shi@‘ism, SUNY Press, 1988.
Bill, James A & John Alden Williams (eds.), Roman Catholics and Shi@‘i Muslims: Prayer, Passion,
and Politics, UNC Press, 2003
Halm, Heinz. Shi@‘a Islam: From Religion to Revolution, translated by Allison Brown (from German),
edited by Bernard Lewis and Heath W. Lowry. Princeton Series on the Middle East. Princeton:
Markus Wiener Publishers, 1997.
Keddie, Nikkie, ed. Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1981.
Litvak, Meir. Shi@‘i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The 'Ulama>' of Najaf and Karbala',
Cambridge University Press, 2002
Marcinkowski, Ismail M. Religion and politics in Iraq: Shi@‘ite clerics between Quietism and
Resistance, Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd, 2004
Marty, Martin E. Fundamentalisms the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance,
University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Nakash, Yitzhak. Shi@‘is of Iraq, Princeton University Press, 2003.
Pinault, David. The Shiites, Palgrave, 1993.
Magnus, Ranstorp. Hizb'Allah in Lebanon, Palgrave, 1997.
Rayshahri, Mohammad Mohammadi, Imam Ali and olitical Leadership Translated by Ahmad
Rezwani, edited byMohammad Sharif Mahdavi and Zaid Alsalami, 1st ed., 2010, Qum: Dar alHadith,
Richard, Yann. Le Shi@‘isme en Iran: Imam et revolution, Paris, 1980.
Madelung, Wilfred. The succession to Muhammad: A Study of the early Caliphate, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1997.
----------- Religious and Ethnic Movements in Medieval Islam, Hampshire, 1992.
Literature:
Ma’alouf, Ami@n. Samarqand, trans. By Russell Harris, Abacus, 1994.
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Ali ibn Abu Talib. Nahj ul-Balagha, 12th edition, tr. Askari Jafri. New York: Islamic Seminary
Publications, 1999.
Arjomand, Sa’id——, ed. Authority and Political Culture in Shi‘ism. Albany: State University of
New York Press, 1988.
Corbin, Henry. Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi‘ite Iran. Princeton:
Bollingen, 1977.
Fischer, Michael. Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1980.
Halm, Heinz. Shiism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.
Lalani, Arzina. Early Shi‘a Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. London: I.B.
Taurus in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2000.
Pinault, David. The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community. New York: St.
Martin’s Press, 1992.
Schubel, Vernon. Religious Performance in Contemporary Islam: Shi‘i Devotional Rituals in South
Asia. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1993.
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Amir-Moezzi, M. A. (1994), The Divine Guide in Early Shiism, New York: SUNY Press
Arjomand, S. A. (1984), The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam: Religion, Political Order, and Societal
Change in Shiite Iran from the Beginning to 1890, Chicago: Chicago University Press
Arjomand, S. A. (1996), ‘The Crisis of the Imamate and the Institution of the Occultation in Twelver Shi’ism: a
Sociohistorical Perspective’ IJMES 28 (4), 491-515 reprinted in Turner, B. (ed., 2003), Islam: Critical Concepts
in Sociology Vol. IV, London: Routledge, 207-235.
Ayoub, M. M. (1978), Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of `Ashura in Twelver
Shi`ism, The Hague: Mouton Publsihers
Ayoub, M. (1986), ‘Divine Preordination and Human Hope: a Study of the Concept of Bada in Imami Shii
Tradition’ JAOS Vol. 106, No. 4 (Oct.-Dec. 1986), 623-632
Ayoub, M M (2005), The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam, Oxford: Oneworld
Publishers
Bar-Ahser, M. M. (1993), ‘Variant Readings and Additions of the Imami-Si’a to the Quran’ Israel Oriental
Studies 13, 39-72
Bar-Ahser, M. M. (1999), Scripture and Exegesis in Early Imami Shiism, Leiden: EJ Brill
Bashir, S (2003), Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nurbakhshiya Between Medieval and Modern
Islam, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press
Blichfeldt, J. (1985), Early Mahdism: Politics and Religion in the Formative Period of Islam
Clarke, L. (2005), ‘The Rise and Decline of Taqiyya in Twelver Shi’ism’ in Lawson, T. (2005, ed.), Reason and
Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought. Essays in Honour of Hermann
Landolt, London: IB Tauris/Institute of Ismaili Studies, 34 – 63
Cole, J. Sacred Space and Holy War: the politics, culture and history of Shiit̀ e Islam, London: IB Tauris, 2002.
Corbin, H. (1990), Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: from Mazdean Iran to Shiite Iran, London : I.B.Taurus
Crone, P. (1980), Slaves on Horses, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Crone, P. (2004), Medieval Islamic Political Thought, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Crone, P. & Hinds, M. (1986), God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
Dabashi, H (1993), Authority in Islam, London: Transaction Publishers
Daftary, F. (1990), The Ismailis: their History and Doctrines, Cambridge: CUP
Dixon, A. A. (1971), The Umayyad Caliphate: 65-86/684-705 (A Political Study), London: Luzac & Co.
Donner, F. M. (1991), The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Donner, F.M. (1998), Narratives of Islamic Origins, Princeton: The Darwin Press
Duri, A. A. The Rise of Historical Writing Amongst the Arabs, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press
al-Fadli, A H (2002), Introduction to Hadith, London: ICAS Press
Fisher, M. H. (1999), ‘Women and the Feminine in the Court and High Culture of Awadh, 1722-1856’, in
Hambly, G. R. G. (1999, ed.), Women in the Medieval Islamic World : Power, Patronage, And Piety,
Basingstoke: Macmillan, 489-519
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Fisher, W. B. et al. (1968 - ), The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge: CUP
Gibb, H. A. R. et al. (1960- ), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden: EJ Brill
Halm, H. (1991), Shiism, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Hawting, G. (2000), The First Dynasty of Islam: the Umayyad Caliphate AD661-750, London: Routledge
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1955, 1-13
Humphreys, R. S. (1991), Islamic History: a Framework for Enquiry, Karachi: Oxford University Press
Hussain, J. M. (1982), The Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background, London: The
Muhammadi Trust
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*Momen, M. (1985), An Introduction to Shi’i Islam, London: Yale University Press
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Marja`, Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC
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Chartier, R., Cultural History: Between Practices and Representations, Oxford, 1988.
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Hobsbawm, E., ‘Introduction: Inventing Traditions’ in Hobsbawm and Ranger, T., eds., The
Invention of Tradition, Cambridge UP, Cambridge, 1992, pp.1-14.
Said, E., Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient, Penguin, London, 1991 (1978).
Culture and Imperialism, Vintage, London, 1994.
Reflections on Exile and Other Literary and Cultural Essays, Penguin, Delhi, 2001.
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Smith, J. Z., Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown, University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
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Morony, M G (1981), ‘Bayn al-Fitnatayn: Problems in the Periodization of Early Islamic History’,
JNES Vol. 40 no. 3, 247-251 (JSTOR)
Dakake, Maria Massi, The Charismatic Community, The Shi@‘ite Identity in Early Islam, State
University of New York Press, 2007.
Takim, Liyakat N.
The Heirs of the Prophet : Charisma and Religious ity in Shi@‘ite Islam
State University of New York Press, 2006.
Rubin, Barry (ed.) Revolutionaries and Reformers Contemporary Islamist Movements in the Middle
East, NY. 2003.
Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran, Leiden, Brill, 2005.
GREENMAN, Joseph, Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century: The Azhar and Shiism betw een
Reproachment and Restrainteen Rapprochment and Restraint. Brill, 2004.
HAMZEH, Nizar, In the Path of Hizbullah. New York: Syracuse University Press, 2004.
AGHAIE, Kamran Scot, Martyrs of Karbala: Shi[i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. Washington:
University of Washington Press, 2005,
AFARY, Janet and ANDERSON, Kevin B., Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the
Seductions of Islamism. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2005.
SANKARI, Jamal, Fadlallah: The Making of a Radical Shi[ite Leader. London, 2005.
CROW, K. & MOUSSAVI, A. K., Facing One Qiblah: Legal and Doctrinal Aspects of Sunni and
Shi[ah Muslims. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd, 2005.
MARCINKOWSKI, Ismail, Religion and Politics in Iraq: Shiite Clerics Between Quietism and
Resistance. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd, 2004.
GLEAVE, Robert, Scripturalist Islam: The History and Doctrines of the Akhbari Shi[i School.
Leiden: Brill, 2007.
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